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STEALING AND FRANCINE

C1AR1C ART INSTITUTE L1BRAJOT

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Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2012 with funding from

Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library

http://archive.org/details/historyofinkinclOOdavi

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THE

Mlil^^

OF

&

INCLUDING ITS

ETYMOLOGY, CHEMISTRY,

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Jntt-farfe ;

THjiQCpEUS QfiVIQ?8 % CO. IS 7 William Street.

\t liiateg rf Itti

zs liistarg., in tire camman acce/rtatian af tire uiard; far, uifzat is generally, denominated kistarg — is ink. diffused an fra/rer in certain definite Lures, QJ-^l ink Iras na lustarg uiritten ar cam- /zased hitherto. Jfn iiiem af t/iis deficiency — ui/zic/r lietrags a singular negligence (an tke /rart af historians and alt literarg men) and a thoughtless ingrat- itude ta t/iis urdisjrensaLle means af accom- plishing and frreseraing^ theuL mark — me frrofrase ta su/r/rlg tire desideratum, tig finishing, an t/iese little frames, ui/rat ls indicated Lg lire aLaae title, in tire fullest sense and uiidest sca/re af tire term, includ- ing its etgmalogg-, its chenristrg, and all l/rat can Le suggested and justified tuf. tire title, a/L fairly, demanded under it, or cLainred fronr it.

THE HISTORY OF IJVK.

JDke QtLea± canrm.an eHLciL af general /zzs- ta^lans, ancient and modern, (uilt/z a aety feui ejcce/ztlans airzanc^ t/ze moderns,) has been, that t/ieif. hane q.lnen ta the nioiLld little else than natations and desc^lfztlons of aia^s and treaties., of qraLLetLnmental changes, and fzalltical enents, omitting to_ tLecaiLd the often faiL ma/Le zm/za^tant facts, In t/ze fils±aiLLf of liteicaiuiLe; science, and tke a/Lts af utility laf uihlch tke fif-oQ^ess af clulll^atzan and tfie deaela/zment of t/ze Izturzan /Lace in Its hl^heiL capacities hane Leen effected a/L aided. JDhe ^iLeat u Jfn- staiacata^ af t/ze Sciences" uias t/ze fli-st ta call attention ta t/zese amissions and deficiencies In all /z/Lealans histories, and ta Indicate t/ze dutjj. af historians ta anald t/zese eHLaiLsf — setting a g^aad ejaamjzle In that /Les/zect, In t/ze s/zeclmen, a/L model mark, lil/zIc/z /ze /ztLadiiced as a fzatte/Ln, — kls /zlstojLLf- af t/ze reian of Jjf/jemHf- t/ze <~feu_entfz. Sfznce kls time, mantj. s/zecial klstarles of Indentions and af t/ze arts of ntllltjj. /za/ie Leen wrltteiz; and t/ze numer- ous cif-cla/zaedlsts kane larc^elif contributed ta t/zzs object; still, kaaie/ier, leaning ma/zjj. vacancies ta lie filled In t/zls delzartment of Iziuhan knoudedc^e, af ui/zlc/z t/ze one before its can not lie considered t/ze /east moH htj of t/ze /abor /zeedfid far Its Investigation.

THE HISTORY OF IJSTK. 7

J3ke uiord INK kas Leen ziartously defined liif lejitcoyra/zkers, cyclo/zaedtsts and ckem- Ists; lint tke follouil/zy terms may lie taken as. fully eji/zresslny tke coirurzan equalities, and essential s/zeclflc characteristics of all suLstances Included under tke name.

Ink ls a colored liquid emfzlaiyed In making lines, ckaracters ar figures an sur- faces cafzaLLe of retaining, tke marks so made. JDke Ipncyclo/zaedla J^jrltannlca, (lloL Jill, ft. 3$g, i$5b}) glues tke folloui- Uzy definition: " ijtk. — JHke term Ink Is usually, restricted to tke fluid em/zloyed m uirltlny uiltk a /zen. (Stker kinds of Ink are Indicated Liy a second uiord, suck as red Ink, Jfndlan Ink, marking Ink, sym- jzatketlc Ink, /zr Inters' Ink, etc. $o_mmojz Ink Is, koLLLeaer, sometimes dlstlnyulsked as uirltlny Ink."

^jfls to OOLOll, — Llack Is and kas alaiays Leen preferred In ordlnarjy uses. 2ftor ornamental /zur/zoses and for occasionally useful distinctions, narlous otker tints kane Leen and are ado/zted — as klue, red, careen, fzurjzle, motet, jyelloui — and so. on, according ta tke fancy of tke maker, o.r fzurckaser, or consumer.

JHke suLstance em/zloyed to receive and, /ireserne tke marks tlzus made Is now.

THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

almost uniuersallif SPafzer. SParckment i& still used In nzanLj. lea^al documents and niritinQS af farm and ceremony. Rattan, linen, and silk, uiken uiaoen inta fabrics for garments and like uses, cute also subjected ta marks af ink far tke jzurjzose af iden- tifying jzrajzertif. <~Pa are uiaaden and leatkern surfaces, in similar conditions. Jl ls also emfzlaijed in uiriting. oji stone, in tke quite modern art of litkog^rajzlzg.

SJkaug^k its. g^reat original and con- tinual emfzlaijment is in uiriti/zg, it mast lie renzenzbered tkat it is alsa la.rg.ekj. used in tke delineation af objects bjj artists. Jfnk and jzaint are mutuallij canaertible ta eaclz atlzers uses, latt are /jet sa distinct in ckar- acter and objects, t/zat na ane regards t/ze uiards as stj.naniLfma.us, and no jzrecise defi- nition is needed ta teaclz t/ze distinction betmeen tlzem. ^fl&y far instance, in jzen- and-ink drauiings and sketclzes, tke uik segues tke jzurjzose of jzaint. <~fo Likeuiise in. tke Letters an sig^n- boards, Sic. jzaint mag lie considered as a substitute far uik. JDke artist uiko traces kis name an tke canvas in a earner of kis jzainting, emjilags /zauit in a similar manner. printing-ink is used as black jzaint. Jfn tke best red inks, car- mine (a jzaint in mater- colons) is tke essen- tial ingredient. Jfndian Jfnk is used kere onlij. as jzaint, — in $kina, as ink.

THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

IfYMittff.

a

J3F/ze. de^inatian af t/ie $ng.lis/z uia^d ink/' and af its ^efz^esentatiaes in u.atLiaus nzadeiLn Lanc^uac^es, has caused muck, jze^- /zLezLLtLf ta fzfziLalacfists, and has. Leen t/ze su.Lj.ect af irzanif. eManeaus canfectu^es. fUfe suffix, t/ze nam.es Lllj. uikicfz It is knauuz in t/zase natians ui/za haae nzast em.fzLaLf.ed it :

English, .... Ink.

Lovu-(L)utch} JSfeder-(X>uytsch, Hollandisch, . Inkt

German or (X)eutsch, . (X>inte and Tinte.

Old German, . finker, Tincta, Tinta and (Dinde,

(Danish, Norvoe^ian, ) -..-,--.--,— _ .

VT 'r, _. s ; > Blaek, {India Ink, Tusch )

Jvorse, Icelandic, ) ' y

I^laeck, {India Ink, Tusk J

Swedish, French, Old French, Italian, Spanish, (Portuguese, , Ulyrian, (Polish, Lfasque, Latin,

JVIediceval Latin Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, firabic, (Persian, Hindustani, and Hindui Sanscrit, Armenian

:;}

Encre.

Enque.

Inchiostro.

Tinta.

Tint a.

Ingvas.

Incaust.

Coransia.

Jitr amentum.

Encaustum.

JVIelan.

(p'yo.

Jl'kaso.

JVikson, finghas.

S^y^ah'o.

S'yaho, I(osKna, kali, shii^a, mas,

murakkat, kalik, midad.

... . Kali, (F)lack,)

Syuaghin.

10 THE HISTOIfY OF T]\fK.

fWe might amuse ou^selnes hg extend- ing this taliulaiL list indefinitelgr ffizough, houieiie/Lf has Leeiz abLeadg shouin to. illus- trate a feui tLematLkalile facts, uihich uie uiish ta fuLesent that a/Le connected uiith the etgnzologg of aiuL subject ; Ltd me jziLesent a fzage of J£dhogJLa/zhic illustrations uihich mill enable ang " curious iLeaderi} ta trace the uiord further.

J^a dictionary, of the fpnglish language gities usanyhel/z or light about the /natter. fUfebster suggests " inchiostro" (the Jftcdian uiord}) as. the source of detonation; and all the Jftalian lejiicogra/zhers agree that inchiostro Is from the latetL J£atin enca us tum, uihich Is i/zfact/^reek, Eyxautfrov, (ffizcauston,) " burned-in or corroded. " §ncaustum became corru/zted into " enchausPrurn," from udzich the transit zon ta "inchiostro" Is bg the reg- ular form of derivation from the J£a±in to. the Jftalian, — the J£ before a nouiel gining /zlace to a shotLt J? — as "piano" from, planus. (JSfhe ch, in Jftalian is aLuiags sounded hard, like, the English JfC.)

j£eau_ing the French uiord encre, as on the middle ground betuieen different ety- mologies, and affording no. light either wag, — tae find the £fjzanish and ^Portu- gese " tinta" and the /d^ehnan (a Language u/ulelij. demote pt-am. those of the jfberian /zeniusu/a in origin and affinities) "dinte,

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 11

tinte and tincta," faficililg fienzinding us af tke J£atin fzafiticijzle tinctus, tincta, tinc- .tum, ffiam tke nefik tingo, uikick m fiefzfie- sented in fpnglisk lig tinge, and atkefi defiinatines, suck as "tincture" &c. flffe cannat fief use. ta fiecaa^ni^e tke JffaLLand- QXutck "Inkt" as ffiam tke same fiaat ta uikick uie kane tkus tfiaced tke cafifies- fzanding uiafid in a language uikick me mag call its u causin -/^efiman /' and it Is kafid ta exclude tke (Did 2f?fienck "Enque " and nzadefin " Encre " ffiam. tkis cificle af fielatianskifz.

JHken, uie afie sameuikat imjzfiessed Lg tke discanefig af tke uiafid Ingvas ui tke JflLgfiian, a language af tke <~ftano„nic (afi mafie jzfiajzefiLg cflauenic) stack, Like tke SPalis/z, — and, Like tkat, enfiicked lig uiafids defiiaed ffiam tke J£atin. JHke SPalisk, kauienefi, /zfiesents as uiitk tke actual z^fiaeca-^Eatin Encaustrum.

Sftill mafie fiemate ffiam tke fptzglisk and Jftalian, uie find amang tke (Dfiientals af tke <~fkemitisk fiace, anghas and nikson in Ike ^/Ifia/iic, and n'kasho in tke $kaldee, uiitk a manifest fiesenzLlance in saund, and uiitk an actual fzassessiajz af tke same ele- ments and fiadical lettefis, Jf. Jf£. flfet uie da not think af suggesting tkat tkese uiafids kad a camman afiigin uiitk tke cafi- fiesjzanding anes in ^ufiajzean ^Languages,

IS THE HISTORY OF rjTK.

th.auQ.h- so nea/Llif coincident in sound. JDhe case is. SdrnftLf one af accidental resenz- lilance, a iLemaiLkaLLe coincidence, — (liecause occuHLinQ, at three different and remote /zaints,) Ltd. jj.et a coincidence not mhalliQ. un/zaralelled.

J3fhe /zralialiLLLtQ is. that the ffiiQlish uio.rd, Like the (ZDittch, /^ernzan, SF/zanLsh, Sic, caine from, the ^£atin TINCTUM, lint it mciQ lie left "an a/zen question;" far if uie had not these instances ta direct the for/nation of. our o/zuzians, me shojdd haae no. hesitation in acknamledQuiQ the Jftalian Inchiostro as the true etymon; j-iist as, if me had neither af these in niem, uie miQht susfzect the oMqlii of olul mard ta lie in the (Oriental an g has or nikson.

JDhe fpthia/zic kalama at first sIq/zI a/i- jzears ta lie delated ta the Hindustani KALI; lint the Latter is merely, the mard in all the LanQuaQ.es af Hindustan far LLack, — m/zde the farmer is lint a modification of the ^ reek and j£atin calamus, a reed or jzen, — the in- strument (naturally. enauQ/z) qlvuzq its nanze ta the Liquid uihich mas essential to. its use.

JDhe mard encaustum connects , in a ueHf. inte/LestinQ and instHictuie manner, Lath mdlz the history and the chemistry or man- ufacture of our moder/z inks, and is a satis- factory, demon si ration of the utility of such

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 13

etymological researckes as tkose in mkick me kaae keen kere zndulging.

jDke one great distinction lietmeen the ancient and tke modern uzks is. tkis : J3fke old inks, mere paints ; tke mriting inks nom in use lig all nations ( ezicefzting tkose of SFoutkeTn ^fisia) atLe dyes. JJkat is tke mkoLe difference.

Jft uiauld fie mell to. gine a definition or Limitation of tke mords " ^fLncient" and " jllodern." Jfo ane kas done it kitkerto. fUfe mill not attemjzt to fLX. tke jzoint fzre- ciselg, lint mag reasonalilg sag tkat tke /ze- Mad uzteraening Letuieen SPe/ztemlier, ^fl.di. J±i 0 , (uiken QLome uias taken kg alaric and kis flfisigotks) and (H)ecemlier £5, ^fk. 0). #0 0 , (mken JfCarltke /^reat, otkermise called /$karlemagne, mas cromned m &Lome lig SPo/ze J!£ea mitk tke title of ^m/zero.r of tke JfEalg 3fLoman fpmfzire) contains tke internal lietmeen antiguitg and modern tiin.es.

JDke introduction of SPa/zeras tke common matet-iaL u/zon mkick significant ckaracters mere to lie marked, must kane kad a great agencg in fzro^ducing a ckange uz tke com- position of tke liquid emfzloged in making tke marks.

Parchment mas tke sulistance in use, among all tke ^uro/zean natLOJis, as tke sub- stratum of manuscri/zt; from Ike time mkeiz Ike fpgg/ztian papyrus ment out offaskion.

14 THE HISTORY OF IJTK

oik Ike /zatLckment and the /za/itf^us uie^e ui/LLtten u/zan, Llj. S3LcLm.an.Si, greeks and jf&LiLeuis, uLLlh. J tens, made af small iLeeds, di/tfted in a fluid ca/n/zased of carbon, (not dissolved, lint) Izeld In a state af sus/zenslojz laf an all a/L a salutlan af gum.

JDIze Letters uietLe a/cLglnaLLtf /tainted an t/ie surface of tke fza/zgHts, /za/Lcktrzent, LaatLd, ojl atkeiL material s.a em/zLoged — tlze Ink. not lielng unLlLed ojl alisa^lied luj. tlze sulislance an uiklc/z It mas sized, liut Remaining on tlze surface, ca/zaliLe of liel/ig Remaned liif masking, saLajzlng, Hilililng, ojl anif sundae /z^acess. JD/ze surface t/zus cleans.ed uias. tfzen In a state to iLecelae a neui lnscjLl/ztlan ; so t/zat evasions, and InscH/ztlans. mlg/zt lie Indefinitely /-e/zeated u/za/z It, as u/zan a. madeHz s.lgn- liaatLd.

Modern Ink, an tke cojzttLa/LL(., Leaa.es Its. maiLks. u/zan fza/zetL, /za^clzment, Sic., litf fzen- eti-atlng tke material ta suck a de/zlk t/zat It cannot lie erased ( meckaizLcaLLg) uiitkaut tke iLenzaiLal atL destruction af tke surface Liiklck It kas. tinged. $kenzlcal agencg, as af naiLlaus. acids, cklojLlne and Its. cam/zounds, Is genet-alLg em/ilaged, tketLefaiLe, ta dts- cka/cge tlze colo/c pLam. madefrz iu/cLtmg-L/zA:- mai-ks, Carbon, In all Its common founts, (c/zatLcaal, liltumlnaus coal, antkhacLte, j.et, /il/unliaga, Lignite, luat^LLack., Lam/z-LLack

THE HISTORY OF IJfK. 15

and so^ot}) is m/zalkf. unatte^aLLe in coLo^ luf antf of t/zese ckenzicaL means..

Printing Ink (mkic/z is cam/zased of ca^- Llqjz sus/zendedin a cLpl^ltlq. od) ls, in essentia/ cka/^acte^istics, identical mit/z t/ze m^itiizQ- inks of t/ze ancient £Hamans and /^^eeks. Jft is imfztLessed u/zon t/ze siufaceaf jzajze^, (t/zat m/zic/z is unsized ojl kiLalaus. Leinc^ commonly fztLefeHLed,) and is detained un- clzajzQed laf tfze action of moistujLe} on ac- count of tfze inso/ulii/itjj^ of t/ze caiLLan and t/ze ^e/zu/siojz Letmeen oil and matetL. J3ffzese tiiLQ- fohris of ink. a^e tlze^efoi^e t/ze ezcact o/zfzosites of eac/z othetL} in t/ze equalities on mkic/z tkeuL use and Jze/Lmanence dejzend. JH/ze mast inzjzo^tant /zeculia^itif. of t/ze nzodeHz uut-itinQ-inJk, as contrasted mit/z t/ze ancient j natu^atti^ suQQested t/ze tma names Lii/zic/z it LojLe in t/ze SEatin and ^tLeek of t/ze nziddte ac^es, ojc (to s/zeak maiLe definitely t/ze time, af its intiention and fuLst enzjzlaL^- nzent. J?± mas a Tincta, a dye, ojl stain, mkic/z tinged and tinctured t/ie material on mkic/z it mas /zlaced, entering ainonQ its fillies as coloring, fluids da into clot/z in t/ie ojLdinaiLLf. /z^ocesses of manufacture. Jft jzenet^ated t/ze suLstance of tke /za/ze/c (as caustics ojl jzame^fuL c/ze/rucal sodne/zts and co^osines act on t/ze oj^anicfili^e): it bit in, a^burnedin, — and mas tke/LefaiLe me/L named encauston and Incaustum.

16 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

tmMMiM ox wimmim of mk.

fWe. da nat fi/u/ia&e. la fnhzisk ^eci/ie&} ftfiesjcHhtinns., di^eclians at*- instHLctians fajL ike /na//afacliuLe af ikis article. J^a^ nze^e statement in wj&JxLh. can enalile anzf one la cuWuue. al fzetLfectLan, af-ejiLceLLen.ee, ojl jziLac- IlcclL success Ln tke /zfadnctLan of ikis a/tirfe, aJ-antf afticLes. nikatsa.e/ie^. ^/L skill andca^e- falness, uikick can lie acc^nifed ankf luf. long and la La^iaas. eJLJzetience, afe indis/zensalile la ike nzana^enzent af Ike na^iaus hJ-a- cess.es.. J3fime is an essential element af success in ikis /zecnliaf cuLl ; and ikal makes alisotatehf Requisite al&a, lata alke^ conditions, — patience and capital. fWe skall tke^efafe lie LtLLef an. ikis /zai/zt, — tLefeHLinc^ ikose mka misk faiL muz ate details, la Ike ctfcla/iaedias, dictionaries af Ike arts and sciences, and Ike lat^ef uiatLks an /z^acti- cal ckemistfif. JDke fallauiinQ uie nentufe la fzfesent as Ike mast caHLect account af ikis sulifect, defined pLanz Ike latest scien- tific and /ztLactical authorities.

JDIzc canz/zasLtLan af ink. ucules according la its cala^s, and tke /zu^/zases la uikick it is. la lie a/z/zlied.

Common black writing-ink is tke tannate af l/ze sesquajujcl af u-an muted ullI/z a smaller quantity af tke Qallatc af tke

THE HISTORY OF IJSTK. 17

sesqizajcifd af uLan. fllfken zn tke Hcf_Lzicl fojLm> it is Qene^aLlLj. tke tannate and val- late af tke jirotaxiycL ; lint afteiL LeirzQ LanQ kejzt, (af-futt an tke /za/zetL and dtLjj.in<^ tketLe,) it aLsa^Ls mojce ajiift^en ffairz tke atirzas- /zke^e ; and tkns tke salzne cam/zaa/zds lie- came tke /zetL-tannate and /ze^-Qallate, uikick atce Llacke^ tkaiz tke tannate and vallate af tke /z^ata^tfd. Jft z& tkns and tkeiLefaiLe tkat^aad irzadehz ink is knamn laf tlze sinz- jzLe test-qszaLztij. af da/LkeninQ laf. aa^e. @Jn tke atlze^ kand, mken m^itinc^ Lecanzes ifel- lam, /zale ojl indistinct Ljj. aQe, it is pLam tke decai^ aftlze iirzjze^fectlLf. canzLined nec^e- taLle ast^uzQent, — tke mafiks an tke jzajxe^ a^ lzaiLckment Leinciy tken Izttle mojLe than tke stain af tke /ie/L-ajiLfd (tkat is tke ses- qaaziifd) af uLon. Jff tke m^itten sa/face lie tken ca^efzzlkf. masked a^ even mazstened. uiitk tke Infusion, af nnt-Qalls, it mill lie ^ende^ed Llacke^ and ifliefa^e indistinct mill Leco..me. lea^zLLe. JDkzs mcuf sametzmes Le Letted accatrz/zlisked Ltf fuLst a/z/zkfiizQ. a meak salutian af ajialic acid afL uety. dilate muriatic {kifdtLa.-ckla/Lzc) acid, and tken deli- cately laifinQ an tke infizszan of emails.

filfken tke m/Litinc^ /za/ze/L kas Leen made af infe^za^ iLac^s} Lleacked znztk cklojLi/zc, tke Lest ink asecl ZLJzan it is Iza/ile ta Lecanze discalafLed.

J\fizt-QaLls oj~ Qxzll-izais {Gallce-tinctoricE)

lg THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

are excrescences cjrouunc^ u/ion the teanes ortniicjs of oak trees, (es/ieciatijj.the Quercus wfectoria^) caused bif the /uincture of cut in- sect (the Cynics gattce-tinctorice) which, de- posits its. cqqs in the. jierfo rations thus. iua.de. JDhe Quercus mfectoria is most abun- dant iu SPeT&ia, ^/teso/iotamia, <~fjj_ria and ^fisia jitinor, fram uihich coimtries the exalts are brought iu la^q.e quantities, to the man- ufactories of fpufaftje and ^fLmerica. JDhe Lest are catted "Aleppo gaits," from the name of the Syrian citjj. uihich is the chief original market for them. JDhose from <~FmgHia are atso. highly, esteemed.

JDheg contain the negetabte astringent jirincijile catted tannin in greater abundance than ang cither knomn substance. j3 his is chemicaltg. resolned into, the acids knouui as the tannic andgaltic. jyi.lt the moods and Larks emjilogecL in the manufacture of Leather bg the tanning of hides contain this astringent matter in aarious decrees. JDhe oak and the hemlock, for instance, are in extensible and fainitiar use for this juu-jiose in the fl tinted States. JDhe blackness of ink, as has been already, indicated, is derided from the combination of these tuio acids uuth ax.Lj.dbj.ed iron in saline com/iounds uihich are insotuLde iu mater, and are there- fore /ireci/iitated or de/iosited at the bot- tom of the ftuid, untess held mechanicaLlg.

THE HISTOPLY OF IjYK. 19

sas/zended in. it} kif Qurn., suQa^ a^ sanze sinzila^ suLstance ailziclz chines tke c/uLalitif of ili&ciditif ta its solutions.

j^JIze falLouiing mill se^ae as a Qaoxlfa^nz- llLcl fatL nzakzizg canznzan ink, cuzcl mill Le enough, ta gme aiz Idea af tke ai~dinatLif_ a/zd general irzode af. its. cojrzjzasitzan : — " J^fake af ^/He/z/za. emails finelif Lfodsed, six. ounces, — sul/z/zate of i/Lan, fautL amzces, — guirz ^fttLaliLc, fautL OLuzces, — matetL, six/zints. Jd^xiiL tlze. galls i/z tlze mateiL fojL aLaut turn lzauiLs, occasionally, adding mateiL ta su/z/zlg tlze lass pLairz en.a/za/catian ; tlzen add tlze attzei- uzgtLedzents ; a/zd kee/z tlze mlzaLe fojL turn, nzantlzs i/z a mad-den. a/L glass ties- set, ui/zic/z is ta Le s/zake/z at internals. JDIze/z strain tlze ink. i/zta glass Lotties, adding a fern d/~oJzs of creosote ta /z/~enent /rzaulduzess. "

Resides its /z/:a./zet~tg af azsciditg, tlze guirz jzassesses tlze jzamet- of /z/Lene/zting tlze ink pLOMZ Leing taa fluid. : and it atsa se^aes ta juLotect tlze LLegetaLle nzatteiL p-anz decojiz/zasztian. J3ke gjLeat desideiLatunz oj~ tLecf_uisite is t/zat tlze ink sfzaidd flam uiiiA /zetpect pLeedairz pLam tke jzen, to. alloia iLajzid milt'uzg, and t/zat it should adlzeiLe ta tlze /za/ze/-, ojl (< Lite into it// sa as not ta Le effaceable Lg mas/zing atL s/zo/igzng. SJIze g/Leat defect ta Le avoided and /u-eneizted is tlze ma/zt of dtuLaLditg. jDIze m/lting, ink

0 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

( f trie ancients, uffljs. c/zaractef-ijed Li^ q.reat /ze/cma/ze/zcjf, Lcdizc^ com/zosed of fi/zeLjj. jzid- LLetLi^.edcatLLoiztrzzjaed uuttz a irzuc'zLac^uzous or czdlzesiae Liquid. India oj~ China Ink is of t/zzscom/zosztzo/z: it zs formed of Lam/ z-liLac/i: audszje o^fuzeaizzmaLQlue, uzitfz tlze uiczdeiz- taLadditioiz of/zeifizmes. Jft is usediu$lz'uza udtlz a LlHzsIz, Lot/zfoj~uu~ztLu£aizd/zauziiu£ on_$lziizese/za/zejL ; audit is em/zLoyeduz otLzer couizttLzes fatL irzczkuzq^ djLauiiuQS in LLack. cuzd lu/zite, — the. different de/zt/zs of s/zade Leuz£ /ziLoduced lof llcz^uzc^ i/ze decree of dilzziio/z in LLicztetL.

Jfizks. of otketL colors tizcuz LLack uiet-e cuz- cie/ztltf izsed ozzLjj_ foJL /zur/zoses of ohzamezztaL czrzd decojLa±ine uiriti/itj. Jfiz Later cuzd/ zres- e/zt times, tLed cuzd [due iizks Izane Leeiz eai- te/zsiaeltf em/zlojj^ed z/z HzLuzc^ accotuzt- Looks cuzd ot/zetL Jz.cz/ zeiL foiL Like uses. J^lue inh> uiitlzi/z teiz a^ma^ei^ears/zast, fzczs keen, udtlz nzcuzLf, a/zjLefeHLedfLuzdfojLcojmrzorz uuLiti/zc(. J$.Lue LnJt} uiLze/z/z/co/zerLifmadef f Louts udtlz Q^eat ease cuzd /^a/ziditif. pLouz tlze jzeu, diLzes czLmost i/zstcz/ztiif oiz tlze /za/ze/^ cuzd has Leeiz su/z/zosedo^e-n/zectedto. Le quzte diu^aLLe, czizd zuzclzarzc^eaLLe i/z coloiL, iuzde/L oiLcLzizarjj aicissitudes. J2fet} e;\i/zerieuce fzczs demoiz- sti^ated tlze co/ttiLaiLij, — L/zo-Uq/z zuudous czud uieLL-coiztiLi/ied c/zemicaL couzLiizatzoiis Izczae Leeiz attem/zted fo/~ tlze /zuifzose. J^Lue in ks tfzczt chaizge to LLacLii some tzuze after wi-itiuq

THE HISZOIiY OF IJTK. 21

atLe ue/Hf /za/zula/L. C^n meLl-made and fzigk- /zHced/zafze^ and uiitlz gold/zens, suck inks, if /z^e/za^ed iuf good ckemists, mag. ulti- mately fzicane u±atLt/zg_ of tke kigk esteenz in mfiLcfz tkeg. cuLekeLd ; Lut tkeitL absolute and unc/za/zgeable du^akititg is g_et ta lie tested Lif ex/zeHence, LefaiLe t/zeg ccuz be safelg emfzlaged fa/c uiiLitings of ji^eHnanent naLie, and belied a/z foiL use hz making ^eca^ds de- signed fa/L/z/Lese/Lnatian and iLefetLence during a Lang. course ofg.eatLs.

j3/ze/ce is a canzjzaund of l±LclziLo_nzate of /zatas/z and extract of Laguiaad, uikickfahns a aeiLg. c/zeafz and canaenient inciting, fluid. 0)fL. flhLe fztLanaunces it "a nile dge. )} flf~et it mag. fiane its utilities, in Localities demote ftLam t/ze centres af cinili^atian and canz- meiLce} — as int/ze neui settlements in Laestehz ^fLmeiLica, in ^fLust^alia, Sic, and faiL t/Lai±- eletLs in ^fkpLica, in tfze ^fLiLctic and at/zet- kafLLatLaus atL unin/zaLited Regions. JDIze falLauiing is t/ze Lest fahnula ui/zic/z can lie giaen fatL t/zis canzjzaund ; and uie /zfLesent it an tfze fzigkest clzemical aut/za/Litg : — " JDake J^ick^amate a f /zatas/z, Y-4 cl%. — fpx±iLact af laguiaad 1 0%.. — failing niatejL, 1 gallon.

JWe /zaae taken t/ze trouble ta giae t/iis /z/cesaLi/ztian atcfofLmuLa}Lecause same quacks /ia/ie keen jzeddling it all aLieiL t/ze countiLg, at all sa/Lts af fziLices, nagging (according, ta t/ie aLedulitg. and libe/Lalitg, of /i///cckase/csj

22 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

front SO cent* la $250. Mc guie it fat j-ust mkat it is utaftk ; and t/iat is. — exact Lg. ui/zat t/zis boa/a casts, tlie. reader.

J^ffzc Longest and mast naLuabLe /zassage uilziclz uie find in t/ie uiritings of an if. fpng- Lis/i autlior, ulLlcl Lias aLLttded ta our subject, is tke faLLauiLng, from " The Origin and Progress of Writing, bg. JD/zamas ^/LstLe, j&.M 3\, &.$L'&. Sic, fz/z. goq to gig, gd edition, Randan, i&OS.

" Of Inks. J?nk Lzas. not anLg keen use- fuL in aLL ages, Lot stiLL caniuzu.es absaLuteLg. necessarg ta t/ze /z/Lese/Luatian and imfzrane- nzent of. eaerg. art and science, a/zd far can- ducting t/ze ardinarg transactions of Life.

i( QLadg exjzerience skauis t/zat t/ze nzast common objects. geneiLaLLg fzraLLe mast use- fid and beneficiaL ta mankind. J3lze con- stant occasion uie Izaae far Jfnk eiiuzces its canue/uence and utititg.. £$ram the im- jzortant benefits, arising ta s.ocietg from its use, and t/ze injuries LndudduaLs mag. suffer from t/ze frauds, of designing men in the abuse oft/iis necessarg. articte, it is to. be ti'isJzed t/iat t/ze LegisLature uiaulrt fra/ue same regulation ta /zromote its. uu/uLaLi_e- nzent, and /zrenent Lmancty and cuutHce fi-om mailing it instrumental to t/ie accom- ///iskment ofang. base /zur/iose.

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 23

" Simjzle as tlze canzjzasitian af Jfnk may lie thaizyht, and Really is — it Is a fact melL knamn, tfiat me haiie at /z/Lesent none ecf^ual in lieautiy and colojL ta that used hy the ancients; as mill a/z/zeatc by atz insfzec- tian af many, of tlze manusaLifzts aliaae equated, especially tkase m^itten in tpncgLand iiz tlze times af t/ze <~Fajians. fllfhat acca- sians sa jy^eat a disfzatLitiy f (SDaes it aHse pLam autL iyna^ance, a/c f/Lam au/L uia/zt af nzateHaLs ? From neither, hut from the negligence of the present race; as ne/cy. Little attention mould saa/z demanstfcale t/zal uie mant neither skill izoJ- itzyscedients ta nzake Jfnk as yaad nam as at any fatcme/c fzetLiad.

(< Jft is an abject af tlze utmost tm/zari:- ance t/zat tlze £R.ecatLds of SPai^liament, t/ze (Hecisians and ^fLdyudicatians a f the Rousts af Jpustice, ^aniieiyancesf^am man ta man, /Hfilts, JfJestuments, and other instruments m/zielz affect /z^a/ze/ty., slzauld lie m^itten uiitfz Jfnk af such dujLal±le quality as may Lest Resist tlze destHLctine jzametLs af time and tlze elenzents . JDIze necessity, af fzayiny. <ytLeatetL attention ta t/iis matted may. lie Readily seen liy cam/za/Liny lite &oLLs and Records t/zat Izaiie lieen uiHtten fj-am tlze fifteenth century, to. tlze end of the senen- teenth, uiith t/ze uuLztinys me haae Remaining. afaaHaus ayes f/co.m the fifth to. the tmelfth ceniuHf. J^atmithstandiny the s/t/?rjLiofL

^4 237J57 HISTORY OF IJTK.

an±Lq_iu±L(r af tlze Lotted, tlzejj. a/Le in excellent /i/cese/ctiatian ; Lut uie pLeq.uentl^ find tke faiLnzeiL, tkaugk af incL/Le nzadenz date, &a nzuck defaced t/zat t/zeij. cuLe scarcely. iec^iLle.

" Jfnks cuLe af naiLiaus sa/lts, as — encaustic oiL naHiis/z, Jfndian ink, Qaid and sillier, /uuLfzle} LLack, tLed, c^iLeen, and tiatLiaus atliet- cala/Ls. JHIze7*e uieiLe aisa secret and sjjjiz- jiatketic Jfnks.

" JDIze JP/zk used Lif tlze ancients, had nat/zLtiQ in canzmaiz uiitlz autcs, Lut tke colo& and Qunz. /^alt-nuts, ca/z/ze/Las and gum. nzake u/z tlze canz/zasitian af au/L Jfnk; uiketLeas saat} atL ina^Lf-Llack, uias tlze c/uef zng/^edient in t/zat af tlze ancients ; sa t/zat Lte/Hf aid cka/te/Ls uzic^kt lie sus/zectedf if ui/citten uiitlz JPnk entirely. sunila/L ta uikat uie use; tint tlze mast acute and delicate discernment is necessaty in tlzis nzatteiL ; far sanze af tke \Llacki\ Jfnks faHne/Llif used uie/Le lialile ta fade and decaij., and a/Le found ta kaae turned fed, ifellaui aiL jzale. JDkase un/ze^fectians aiLe lzaLueneiL iLcuLe uz manu- sc/ci/zts /z^ia/L ta tke te/ztk centiuLjj..

"JDIzefe is a metlzad af tLeaiain€f. tke uuLi- ti/iQ '/ Lut tlzis ejz/zedient skauld nat lie kajafrted, lest a sus/zician af deceit nzajj. atLise, and tke su/z/za/t defzendedan \Le\ last.

"Golden jfnk mas used liif. Lia/Liaus na- tians, as maij. lie seen in Senegal lili/ca/cies, and in tke atLckines af ckiuLckes. Silver

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 25

Jfnk mas also common in nto&t cautniMes.. Sled Jfnk, made af iiermilia/z, cinnaLar, or /zur/zle, is nerg. frequently, found in manu- scripts. ; Lut nane are found mritten entirely mith ink of that color. JjJIze ca/zital letters, in same, aiLe made mith a kind of varnish, mhich seems, ta lie canzjzased af aeiLnziLian and gum. /jjLeen Jfnk mas. rareLg. used in charters, Lut often in JEatin manuscri/zts, es/zeciallg. in t/zase af the tatted ages. J&he guardians afttze /^tLeek emfzerars. [or rather the £R.egents af the ^m/zire] made use of zt zn their signatures, till the latter [the manarchs during minority] Lecame of age. J^lue or fl^ellam Jfnk mas seldom, used Lut in manuscripts. [///] J3he g.eLlam has. not Leen in use, as. far as me can learn, for six. hundred gears.

" jl/LetaLizc and at he/- characters mere sometimes, Lurnished. jllfaji mas used as a aamish kg the Latins and greeks, Lut much matLe Lg. the latter, uiith udzanz it cantznued a Lang. tzme. j£lhzs canerzng. of- nahzish mas zietHf frequent in the ninth centuftf..

" Color. JU/ze color of Jfnk is of no qreat asszstance z/z authentzcatmg manu serif 1 is and charters. jDlzerc is in mg ULrczrg. a Lang roll af /za^chments, at the head of mlzich is a Letter that mas carried, oner the greatest jzart of ffngLand Lg. turn (tenant monks,

£6 THE HISTORY OF IJ^TK.

/Lecf.nestiny. fiHiUfj^s. for JJlncia de flfefie, ^oiuitess of (PjifotLd, a jiioiis Lady., ul/io died in iitfCfy — uiko had formed tlie lionse [oj~ co/iaent] of &ienninjg./zam in fpsseji, and done many. ot/ie/L acts, of /lietiy. JDIiis NuL consists, of many, membranes o/L shins, of /iajLcfiment seuied toyet/ieiL, — all of uihicft, ezice/it t/iefuLst, contain ce/LtificatespLomtke different /Leliqioas /louses tliat tlie taio monks liad nisited tliem, andtkat theu. Iiad otLde/Led /i/Lay_etLs to. be offered uji foiL t/ie $anntess, and liad entered keyname on tlieuL bead- iLc lis. Jft is obse/cLLable tliat time liath. liad aeiLy. diffejLent effects on tlie llclHjdlUS. inks iiiit/z LLiliic/i t/iese certificates uie/Le iajLitten. <~Foj7ie cuLe as fres/i and black, as if uiiLitten yesterday.; otlie/Ls aiLe ckanyed b/LooLn; and some a/Le of a lyelloui line. Jft may. natn/cally be sa/z/iosed tliat tlieiLe is a yjLeat ncu-iety of liandiw-itinqs n/ion tliis; but tlie fact is of/ieHitise, for t/tey may be deduced to tliiLee.

" Jft may be said in general, tliat black ink of tlie seue/it/i, eiq/it/i, ninth, and tent/i centm-ieSy at Least amony tlie ^fknyLo-£f anions, /i/Lese/~nes its original blackness \tlieiLeby meaning tliat its "fofrn liad not lost all its oi-iyinal brightness " ] hulcIi bettetL than tliat of succeeding ayes, — not enen cxce/iti/iy tlie SLDcteentli and seuenteent/i, in iidiic/i it nias frequently. LLeiLy bad. Pale ink tuvLy /~a/~ely_

cue h:>ztzpt of tjtk. 27

occlu-s Lefai-e. tlze foju- last centiulesv °— " SJPetezL $ani/zcu~ins, 3 h^ofessa/- of JtLecL- icuze at /Venice, uufate a ciulo.as Look can- cehzuiQ. -Ink., uJzzc/z is nam scarce, t/zanq./z tlzeiLe is cziz editiojz of it /z/Luzted i/z J£a/zda/i, ui ibbOy qdLCU~ta. Jllze title is — De Atra- mentis cujuscunque generis opus sane novum. Hactenus a nemine promulgatum. [A work

ACTUALLY XEW, COXCERXIXG IXKS OF EVERY KIXD WHATSOEVER— HITHERTO PUBLISHED BY XO OAT.]

JDIzis LLLQj-k is. divided into, slu Jiavts. ID lie first treats £.enevallij. of Jnks nzczde pLo.m Pyrites, [sid/z/uu-ets. of iftui and cofzjzeiLf\ stojies cuzd metals. JDIze second treats moj-e /zcuticulavlij. o.f -Inks made p-ojiz nzetals a/zd Calxes. \_4flettei~ saij. calces, ojl, ta s/zeak clzemiccilLij., crystallised salts de/irived of t/zeii- ((m.ateiL of crij.stallijatiojz/^ o_r ccu-Lloizic acid, Ljj. tlze actio/z af lzeatP[ — JDIze third treats af. Jfnh made fro.m so.ots a/id vitriols. — JDIze fourth treats af tlze different kinds af.Jfnhs. nsed Lij. t/ie librarii or /10.0k:- ivilte/^s, \_/zro.fessio.nal scribes or co./zjj.ists af mann- scrijits Lefoj-e tlze invention, of t/ie art of /P rintuzq^ as /veil as bjj. jirinters. and en- q rave/% and af staining (or /v.ritinq. ufian) marLle, stucco, of- scaqliola, and of ENCAUS- TIC modes of ivj-zlmq ; as also, of liquids far /zainlinq or coloruzq af leat/ier, clot/zs made of Linen or uiaal, and for rcstorinq inks that have hern defaced luf tune, as

28 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

likeiaise trzanij. methods of effacing uiriiing. — restoring decaged hjCLfief* — and af aariaus modes af secret wetting. — J3he fifth fzart treats, of Jfnks fat- uiHting, made in differ- ent cauntrzes, af aarzous materials, and colors, — as. from gzzms, moods, thej.uice af ftlanisi, Sic, and alsa af different kinds, af aarnishes. — J^J/ze sixth jzart treats af tke aarzaus a/zeratzons af e,xtractiaq. aitrial, and of its chemical uses.

"J3f/zis mark aliaunds mitlza great uarietg af fzhilasofzhical, chemical and historical knomledge, and mill gme great entertain- ment to. tfzase ui/za uiish far information an t/zis sulgecl.

" jMjang. curiaLLS jzarticidars concerning Jfnkuiill La found in u Weckervs de Secretis." (SPrinted at J^asLe, in ibf'S, octana.) — Jjfhis gentleman alsa gines receijzts for making Jfnks af tke color of /(jald and £PilwEr} coirz/zased as mell uutfi those mate- rials as mithaut them, — also, directions far making a uarietg of Jfnks far secret uirz- ting, and far defacing, af \effaci/zg~] Jfnks. JjJheiLe are mang nzaraelaus particulars in this last mark, mhich mill not easilg gazn credit uiith the pzdiciaus jzart af mankind."

JWJe haac chosen to giae jtliL. Jostle's /zarag/La/zhs on this subject, entire, " /zure and sim/zLe," (uuifi no corrections or alter- ations, eJLcejzt as to a fern /zartic/zlars in

THE HISTORY OF INK. 29

s/zelli/zg., /zu/zctuatiojz, Sic.,) including same unnecessa/Hf fojLnzaL nefiliiage, — instead af emliadjj.inq. fits, facts. and aLsefiaatians in au/L amn Language /life shall da Lkemise mith athetL authors mhase Looks me use in this mojLk, as the most effectual maij. af frilling, each af them due credit fojL thei^ Senegal discaaefiies and statements, and, at the same tune, securing an/- am.izj.ust claims ta mhat aie herein jzfiesent as af auJr amn discanefiif afi- /z^aductiojz. J^u£ me mill cj'me na credit to_ a mefie cairzjzilefi ojl /zlatgiafiist.

jl/Lfi. ^fLstLe uias kee/ze^ of the ancient 3LecatLds af the fpizqjls.h /^omefozment in the J^ome^ af ^Eandan, and thus e/zf.aij.ed ejctfia- afidinafijf facilities fatc ascertaining such facts, and making such aLsefiaatzons as he furnishes in his aeiHf useful, uztetLestuiQ, and elec^antlif illustrated Lao^k. ^fLs la. uihat he sags {in his seventh /zafiagfia/zh) aliout the inejz/zediencg of " hazarding. )} anif effort ta, fieaine mfiitinfg udzich has faded ojl Lecame dleigiLle, ffiam featL af " a susjziciaiz af de- ceit,"— the cautia/z must of course lie Limited to. cases mhefie the mafids jz^ajzased ta Le restated ta leigiLilitij. heme iLcfetLence ta same question of dis/zuted title, ojl other matter in lit ligation or coutfianefisg^ jHiL. ^fkstle mauld not hane hesitated (czng. mafic than ^fkncjela jllaz} ta use auif /zassdle /zfiacess far the restoration of a palimpsest ma/zu-

30 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

sa-i/zt of a lang-Iasi uiof/e. of $Lc.efia a/~ S£LiU£.} ojl af arzif document uwf-th the LclLoj- and the time Requisite to^ teniae the Letters. <?> tead them. jltiL. jlstte's slight lafzse af jzeiz ai~ mind, in stating (eighth fzcLHJ^cUhh.) t/iat "^lue afL jj.ellaui ink uias seldom used e^ce/zt in manuscripts" fetnlnds, us af J^aa/z [UfeLste^ 's Reason, giaeiz i/z the fii-st edition af his cf_LLCZiLta dicfianaML, fatL tlze use af tlze ui.aiLdu Jftand" instead af u ' Jf stand" Lii^.., that tlze tutted s/zelli/zg uias a found a/zlif in koalas. n ^Pe^lzajzs tlze LLenetLaLte ^/ltiL. ^ftstle uiauld have Lee/z as. much, astonished ta leaHz that Ize hzmself Izctd aiuLCUfS. uu-ztteiz manusc/ci/zt, ailze/zetiefL Ize jzut fzeiz ta /za/zet~} as tlze . Bourgeois Gentilhomme, in jt/Loliei-e' s comedy mas ta leahz t/zat Ize "had keen s/zeakiiiQ jztLo_se all his life."

^/L cam/za^atuieltf decent author (gia.es tlze fatlo-uii/zg. as tlze sum. and suLstance af Izis knauiledge ojz this division af tlze sulifect of autL liaa.k.

ODa^k-cata^ed Liqjuids utetHe. used ta stain letters /z/Letdaushj. e/zg^atLed ojz same ha/cd suLstance, long. Lefa^e theg. utet-e irzade ta fiaLLL in tlze calamus a/- JLen fa/~ fa/fning them on a smooth surface; and tlze Chinese made tlzeuL (( Jfndian Jfuk. " in the same

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 81

manned as /zomi, ii SO ifea/Ls liefo^e tke $ktListian $/Aa; kilt, onltj. ased it, at tkat time., to Llacken incised cka^acte^sSl] Jfnk aias teamed luf tke ancient ^Eatin aatkoJ-s atramentum scriborium^ a& librarium, ta dis.- tinQuisk it p~onz atramentum sutorium o^ cal- chantum. l}t mas. made, of tke saat of /cesin, or /zaunded cka^coal, and otke^ salt- stances, irzijaed LuLtk Qawz, and not, Like otz^s, af ait^ioL, Qall-nuts, alairz, Sic. JDke easiest /zositine mention of ink is jze^kafzs. tke frassac^e in jfe^emiak, in tke [If nictate, " Ego scribebam in volwnine, atra?nento."^

^Jf£etLe ate might add, aiitkoat featL of co/z- h-adictiojz, tkat Ink is still extensiaelif used ta u Llacken ckaiLactefls," uiitkoat ^egaHl ta tke de/ztk of tke incision. [2] j3ke s/zecimen of tke (pnglisk langnage aikick uie q_aate, is not fanltless; and tke Latin is eaieciLalile. JUkeiLe is, no sack lllqjlcL as scriborium in any. Langaage, ancient ojl niodehz. jKke ata- mans called la^iti/zg-ink atramentum scripto- rum, [3] This is a aeHj. /zaltty jziece of Jze- danttLif. /Why. caald not this. autkotL (uzha skoois tkat ke do.es not ande^stand Latin,) giae as the tejit in fpnglisk f J3ke jzassage is in _feiLemiak, c/za/z. xxxvi, ne/-se 18 : (i JP LLaLote tkem aiitk Ink uz a Lo_ok." JHke onlif otkcjL iLcfeiLences in tke Id^iLle to Ink, atLe tke folio/ aing : 2 ffoj-inikians., Ill, 3 : " iutLitte/z not udtk Ink, Lnt tke sfwHt" 2

32 THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 4

jfo/zn, xii: " Jp ULQiilcL uuHte ic'lLIl jzafz.er (lilcL Ink." 3 Jpokn, xiii : " Jp had nia/UL tlziizc^s to uirite, Lot JP ullLL not lulffi Ink.9 ffyekieL, IX, 2: "with, a niriter's ink-lzorn Ljj. /ils. aide."

z^old Liquids, and also sillier, /iLir/i/e, red, careen, arid Line in/us, mere eaentuallif nsed in ma/ZLiscri/zts after t/ze floiuLtlz cen- tiLty., — fed and Qcld liaulnc^ Lee/ z em/doz^ed m/zc/z ear/ier. £Ft. Jf'erojne s/zeaks of ric/z decorations, m/zzc/z nztzst Izaue been executed mit/z colored znks; lint, Lefore Izis time, (fjnid alludes not an/if. to. t/ze /inr/i/e charta, made use of for fuze Loo./ns, m/iic/i mere also, tinned mit/z an oil dramn from cedar- mood, to_ jireserae t/zem, lint, also ta titles mritten in ted ink, ai/zzc/z mere t/ze fhLst kind of ilLnminations. SI lie jzassac^e accuses. bz /lis fuLst elegif, " ^fld iLzliHurz:"

'-' Nee te purpureo velent vaccinia succo ; Non est conveniens luctibus We color. Nee titulus minio, nee cedro charta notetur . Candida nee nigra cornua f route geras."

JD/ze Last line jiTxudn^, as ^aslejj. aLseriz.es, t/zat (!) aid uuLote a/zo/i a roll.

J3fhis. antlzor, not lianinc^ Lee/z kind enonc^lz to. translate (Duld for ns, me are com/zeLLed to do it for Izun. JDIzzs u <fi/eg/j. " of t/ze /zo.et is addressed " JDa Ills IJ^ook ;v and t/ze foLLominQ niords contai/z t/ze mean- i/i/j. of t/ze four Lines aLone quoted:

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 88

Nor shall huckleberries stain [literally,, veil] thee with purple juice :

That color is not becoming to lamentations.

Nor shall title (or '* head-letter^ ) be marked with vermilion, or

paper with cedar, Thou shalt carry neither white nor black horns on thy forehead

(or front, or frontispiece).

The word "huckleberries," we have rightly spelled here. The dictionaries gene- rally are wrong in spelling the word " whortleberry " Huckleberry, or Hockle berry, is found in the kindred languages of Northern Europe.

0)i/zlamas uiefte seldom. uiHtten in c^ald aft colafted inks; Lut sanze chafttefts of the /^eftnzan {pnrjze^afts Czfte knojiuz, not anlif. in QaLd, Lut an fat/file ueilurrt ; and J£eukfeld mentions ane oftheifeaft Cf1 £ , ahzanzented also uiitk fi^uftes; uihile Senegal eaftlif /publish charters, hane qoLcL initial lettefts, cftasses, Sic. JHhe LLack Ink that has ke/zt its. coloft Lest, Liz mediaenal manuscfti/zts, is tkat used fftanz the te/zt/z ta tke thirteenth. centLUty. J3he sic^natuftes af t/ze fp astern {pnzjzefto_fts afte ffteq^uentlij. in. fted ink.

ffialofted inks uiefte canznzan in mediaeuaL maizLLScftijzts, — the fted Leinc^ nzast usual fo ft titles, uihich has a^iaen ftise ta the teftnz Rubric. J3he mftitefts af Laaks (that is., the co/ztfists;) often a/z/zended thecft nanzes ta the end af the uiaftk} c^eneftallif in ink af a different coloft fftanz that of the Ladtf af the uiaftk} stating the tune and jtlace in uihich the taaftk mas executed.

34- THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

J3fa tills, nuau. Le added, mit/z adaaritac^e, same. uzstructme account of

Willi miMMMlS,

m/zase /itstar^f. is closely, connected, ta a £jLeat extent, mlt/z t/zat af mritinQ fluids.

JDIze tpcyj/ztlan, and all ct/zer oriental and ancient scrlLes, mlza innate u/zan stone, em/zlaij.ed (of course) same Instrument simi- lar in character ta the chisel af our modern tamli-stane cutters, or monument letteTers. Sfa mith the /greeks and Shamans, uzritina an surfaces of maji or mood, t/ze Insiru- ments uieTe t/ze tjra/zhlum, or cfhf/zhetan, {t/ze c^ratier,) and t/ze stilus, ojl caelum, all of steel at*- if an. flUJhen t/ze use af a dark- colored liquid ar Ink mas introduced, there arose a necessity far instruments af nerjj. different material, and threat fleaillitlltjj., in a/z/zasitian ta t/ze unifleldlnc^ rigiclitif af t/ze tools /zrenlausLif. enzJzloij.ed. ^Jlzen mere Indented t/ze fuLst Im/zlements /zra/zerlif called SPens, or reallij. resenzLllnq. m/zat me so denominate and use. SJ/zese mere uizl- aersallif made af nec^eta/ile materlaL, a^ram- l/zQ in t/ze tuLular farm, af canaenlent sl^e, as t/ze calamus, ai'undo, juncus, and, In general terms, t/ze smaller stems af iiariaus jzlants called "reeds" and "rushes" In {publish, fllfe hane ab-eadjj. mentioned t/ze

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 35

uniform enzjzLoiynzent af the hair-fzencil, or LHLs.k} luf. the $hirzes&, from the mast an- cient tune. af their uiritiny. Si he quill, ar feafheT-fzen, lllcls Introduced during, the fourth centiuHf.

fWe. haae alluded ta the palimpsest manu- scri/zts. 3 his is, the term a/z/zlied ta jzarchnzents that haae keen tuiice uiritten u/zaiz, — the fi/^st iiLritmg. Leing. effaced ta make room, fa/- the second. ([During, the period cam.man.La called "the dark ag.es/' the monks and tithed scriLes, co/zgists a.r Look- makers, mere in the ha/iit af effacing, the letters pLam aid manuscripts, in order ta make a clean surface fat*- a neui uiriting^. Jfn this iiLOif. uias caused the de/zlaralile destruction of an immense and an inestim- alilg naluaLle amount of ancient literature, af /^.reek and Slairzan history., /zaet/Hf, elo- quence and /zhilasa/zhg, merely, ta make roam far mass-Laaks, and other marks af stufzid sujzerstitian and mis-directed deao- tion, or, af scholastic thealo<gg. and /zhila- sa/zhg, nauL long. agra uniaersallg condemned and ejtjzladed. fll^Lthin the jzast and pres- ent generation, hauieoer, the learned uiarld has lieen delighted lg the sur/zrising. recan- ertf af same af these lo/zg-last treasures, through the skilful and ingenious laliatls af the deservedly famaus Cardinal ^fkngelo Jl/Lai, and athetLs, uihose researches i/z the

3 6 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

ULraries of £liome, j/f/llan, SPadua, J^a/zles, Florence,, and other- cities,, hane resulted in. the restoration of inestimaLlij. jzrecious uiritinc^s, thus ftartialhj. obliterated or oLscured.

J^rande's QI) ictionari^ of ^Literature, SPcience, and ^ffrt, chines a Lrief summarLf of t/ze same general facts, in t/ze article "SPalinz/zsest. "

JDhe fullest and most elaborate ejz/zosi- tian of t/ze comjzosition and manufacture af Jfnk ui/zic/z me future Leen aLle to fuzd, homelier, is in t/ze cereal French " 0)iction- aire des ^ffrts et j//Lanufactures,}> Lij. an association of distinguished savans, in tuio. aolum.es, im/zerial octano, IParis, i $53, article, encre.

J^ut, of all articles and treatises on t/ze subject, ulIzlc/z uie fzane examined, tfiat in t/ze ffiiglislz SPenng ^i^clo/ media lias t/ze merit of containing, if not t/ze Lest and longest account, a nerif. Qood and satisfac- tory one, — Lecause it expresses all t/ze essential facts in t/ze feuiest and Lest-chosen Lecause jfzerfectljj. intellic^iLle uiords. yfs uie do not attemjit to furnish, a text-Look for ink-manufacturers, uie do. not transcriLe in full, or translate, from t/iese and other uiorks of c^reat nalue on t/iis suLfect.

JDhat modern inks do not resist t/ze decom/zosing. and destructine JLOULeT of

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 87

c/zenzlcal accents. (uiketfzeiL acids, alkalies, saline Ladles. atc eLeinents,) as uiell as t/ze ancient Inks, is t/ze Result af a necesslttj. ejilstuzQ Liz tlzebL LLei1^ canz/zasltla/z a/zcl inaentian, aizcL eaen ui t/ze use fp/ uifzLcfz t/zeif uieiLe designed, and ta uiklc/z tlzeij. atLe ajzfzHed. ^/L dye (Like niadehz ink) is t/ze Result af c/zenzlcal actlan, aizd Is tlzeiLefaiLe su.Lj.ect ta c/zenzlcal tLe-a£eizts; jj_et, uilzen uiell irzade, it is jziLaaf against nzec/zunlcal actlan, sllcIz as masking, HlLLuzq, and saLajzuzo^; izojl can it Le iLemau.ed ffojiz /za/ze/L ta uifziclz it is a/z/zlled, niit/zaat desttLaij.iizay t/iat nzate/clal, atL rendering, t/iat jzaiLt af it /zfcacticallif useless. ^^t, an. t/ze at/zeiL Izand, t/ze ancient Inks, ui/zlc/z Resist all c/zenzlcal /z/cacesses, can. Le iLenzau.ed Llj. nzec/zanlcal actlan, saclz as Izas Leen nanzed. Jjf a neuL Ink uieiLe cam/zaunded af t/ze tuia, /zassesslnQ t/ze Lest /z^a/ze^tles af eaclz, any uiHtlnq. executed uilt/z It cauld Le effaced Llj. t/zej.alnt ojl successuie actiaa af nzeclia- nlcal and c/zenzlcal a/z/zllcatlans.

Jft must Le Lohze In mind t/zat t/ze ancient inks Izad ane use foiL ul/llc/z lai^tinq. Ink Is nam. neu_etc /Cequil/Led; and lliat utas in nzaklnq. Laaks, a/c multl/zlrf.LiLQ ca/zies af nzanuscH/zts Indefinitely fa/L general reading, atL publication. J3f/ze Inaentian and uulaez-sal enz/zlaifnzeizt af t/ze aiLt af /ziLlntlnQ lias uJzaltjj- done auiaij. ud/fi that.

88 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

(Df Indelible Inks, aJ- t/zase used fa^ mw^kinQ. faliHcs af cattail, Linen, Sic, fa/L t/ze identificatian af auine/Ls/zi/z, it is. not necessaiLif ta c^ine an/j. jza/LticulcuL desc/Li/z- tian. jDlze'uL a/cdina/Hf canz/zasitian is. aeity c^ene/Lalljj. unde^staad ta lie a salutian af nitrate af sitae/-, atL same siirzilaiL caustic, a/z/zlied uiitlz a fzen af /z/cafze/L irzatetLial, ta a JzatLtian af t/ze surface af t/ze cLotlz, uifzic/z Jzas lieen /z/ceuiausljj_ /z/^e/za/^ed liif t/ze all- sa/L/ztzan af a Qunznzij. aiL nzucilac^inaus fluid d/Lied u/zaiz it undetL /ztLessiuLe.

Sympathetic Inks atce fluids enzjzlaLj.ed in. calatLuzQ d/Lauii/zQS nzade fatL lzaiLLaic anzusenzeizt, a/L t/ze dinetLsian af children andifaut/z. ^fLs, fa/L instance, a landsca/ze d/Lauin uz a^dinai^ cala/Ls uiitlz a uii/zi/^ as/zect, claudLf atL sanzluLe skif, snaui aiz t/ze Qfaund, and Leafless t^ees, if ftfahjefJif tauc/zed uiit/z SLf/rz/zat/zetic inks, mill, at any. tiirze, ui/zen luLauc^/zt neaiL a fi^e, aiL at/zeHaise sulifected ta a certain dec^tLee af uiaiLnztlz, clzanQe ta t/ze Izues af siurznzeiL, t/ze skjj. liecanziizQ af a clea/L lilue, t/ze tiLees in full failure, and t/ze tu/Lf Pick uiitlz <Q/Lass, eac/z uiitlz its a/z/z/La/ziLiate s/zade af neiLdufLe, as alsa flauie/Ls af tlze'uL LiatLiaus natural cala/% Sic. , accaiLdinQ ta t/ze fancjj. af t/ze aiLtist, t/ze ui/zale disa/z/zea^inc^ as t/ze /ziclu/ce g/Lauis cald. J3f/ze c/zlatLide, t/ze nitrate, t/ze acetate, and t/ze sul/z/zate af

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 39

caLaLt, fahrz sifnz/zat/zetic inks., — tke fuLst, liLue, and (uiitfz tke addition af nickel,) <Q/Leen ; tke second, fed. $lzLaiLide af cafzfzeiL QLu.es. a QanzLaQe jj_eLLazu; LiLam.ide af cajz- fzeiL, a fuze Hc/z LtLauin.

^Eette^s LiuLLtteiz uuitk a saLtLtian af ace- tate af lead, atLe uzu.LS.LLLe luztLL eji/zased ta tke action af. sizL/zkcocetted kj^d^ac^eiz, tukick makes, t/zeirz distinct, Luitk tke LllsL^olls ^eifis/z LLack af SLzLjzlzu^et af Lead, tlze sairze snLstance mkick is caLLed QaLena tuketz it acciztLs as Lead-afe. ^fL uieak inftzsian af QaLLs asc atfzetL ue^etaliLe ast^in^ent, uiLLL, if a/z/zLied ta fzafze^ in tlze fahrz af Letters, Lecanze Leg^iliLe uikeiz iaucked luit/z anjj. solution af i^an. J?f buHtten zuitk a sola- tLa/z af /kt^a-cifanide a^/zatask, Letters uuLLL /Letrzain inuisilde until taizc/zed uiit/z a salu- tLa/z af SLLLjzkate af i^aiz.

mmmmm m mm ihk.

^fkstLe sjzeaks ue/Hf. inz/ziLessiueli£ cuzd J.LLstlzf. aiz t/zis fzaint; and uie cantfLiLizte ta t/zis /za/t af aiz^ sizli^ect Ltj. calling attention ta facts abrzast daily. accu/c/Li/zg, aiL li^ouc^kt to, notice in t/zis cauntty., es/zeciall^ in tlze aLdetL cztLes and states, iuke/Le tanuz-iLecaiLds, /zatLisk-iLeqristeiLs, and atkei- dacunzents of ancient date, and af high. im/zaiLtaizce in

40 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

kistarjj., ckranalocfif, and cfezzea/agjj., (as melt as. in regard ta tke title and inkerit- ance of estates,) aiLe found obscizTed and obliterated, causing lasses, jzizblic and /uri- nate, t/iat need lint ta he mentioned ta lie /zro/zerljj. estimated.

Jfn tke a/z/zendix mill lie faiind a fac- simile of. a slzeet ll/zojz nilziclz narions sjze- curzens of ink mere t/zoraiig/zlij. and fairly, tested, m/zic/z is a brief lint em/zlzatic de- monstration of a difference of qualities bjj. difference of results.

J?Ja sIzoul iidzat can lie done in t/ze jzre- sernation of airitincf an material enen frailer t/zan sack jzajzer as me em/zloif, me need lint jzroAizce tke s/zecimen of <jpc$jjjztian uiritinQ. on /za/zjjjcus, /zranoiz/zced litf $kam- fzallian to kane liee/z executed mojLe t/zan sixteen kandred (Y&OO) if ears lief ore tke liirtk of $krist, Lf-et still in jzreser nation and Legible, as maif lie seen laf tke repre- sentation me gine of it.

JDkis is undoubtedly as old as anif s/ze- cimen of jzkonetic ckaracters or mritten letters {jLe/zresent incf sounds, not ideas or objects,) extant, made lijj. marking initk a fluid ii/zo/z anif. substance. SJ/zere are zn- scri/ztians of letters n/zon stone, for m/zzc/z an earlier date of 4000 ueaTs. J^. $., is clainzed mitk triztlz. J^nt tkis is ixk- mriting, absolutely. 3300 i/.ears old/

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 41

JD/ze Chinese assent that t/zeif had the atLt af uiHtuiQ at a jze^iad gCfSO ifeaSs. LefaiLe $kfiist; Lut thejj. haae na ^eca^ds atL nzan.LUize.izts. af tfzat date; aizd thei^ chaiLac- te^s eaeiz ta t/ze /z^esent time, aiLe entire mai^ds, ^ejz^esent'uzQ^ akj.ects} ideas. a/L things, not sounds. Jfn t/ze atf: af /z/<i/ztin<£, theif fz^etend ta haae Receded t/ze $iuLa/iea/z nations aliout £JfOO ifeaiLs, dating. theuL indention af it fLam t/ze teizt/z centuty LefoiLe ^Iz^ist. J^Ltt t/zeif haae neaet1- ad- aanced lieif.and t/ze fitLst fahiz af t/ze aH: — tetters eizQiLaned ajz solid uwoden LLacks — t/ze ae/Hf met/zad i/z use luf Jf£asteiL} and /lis associates, Luztit t/ze inaentian af maaealile ttf/zes Lif. jfalzn /^xuzsfleisclz, at/zetcuiise named jfa/z/z /(^utenlietQ a/c /^uttemLeiQ, in 7 J4.35. JfJn liatlz cults> inciting, and juLintuz^ alike, t/ze $lzinese haae Remained stiff salid and immaaaLle at t/ze fuLst stejz, Ltiit/z t/ze characteristic luzc/zan^ealiilitij. af t/ze Lfe/laui tLaces of fpaste&n ^ftsia, sa a/i/ia- site ta t/ze indefinitely. /z/Lac(JAessiae and self- imfz^aninQ enetyxj. of the nations lakase jz^ac^enita&s jzi^aceedeci taest fiLam the o/ll- O^inaL source and centre ofl/ie earth's /za/zu- latian. JH/ze same ink seHies the Chinese Lath fa/c twLitin£. and /u-mtinQ, as does the same kind af /za/ze/~. ^7/us ink thejj. inaented aliaut the end of the fust centiuLtj. af the $hiListian eiLa ; hefaH*. /a kick time

4^ THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

theif ui^ate an Laa^ds a/L LamLaas. ^f£anin^ next jz^aceeded ta the use af silken cloth fatL these /ziuc/zases, the /ziLe/zaiLatian af jzafzeiL pLom that material natiuLallif fol- laiued. j3f/zeitL ink, Leing. cajLLanaceous and oleaginous, is, of course, {Like t/zat af tlze fpQLf/ztlans and all tlze. athe/L ancients,) unfading, and unalterable liif chemical agencies, though ca/zaLle af lieinQ. effaced atL obscured Ltf niatejHj. afz/zllcatlans a^ ex/zasiuLe.

jis ta theuL claim af hanuzc^ invented tlze aiLt af jz^intinc^, me s/iall Izaae something ta saif heiLeaftetL.

jDhe ^/l^tecs (in jtiex.ica, LefaiLe tlze c-Fjzanislz discone/cif. and conquest,) exten- SLLieljj. em/ilaifed a /zictutLe-uuLitinQ, as a means af ^ecai^dinQ. eaents, du^ina^ a JzetLiad not exceeding tuia centiuLies before t/zat ejzaclz. JDhei^ had tlze cuLt af nzaiULfactiu-- inq. materials as a basis af sack ui^itinQ, pcanz tlze Agave aiL ^/lme/cica/i cdae, and pLam cotton, in tlze fahrz of a u.eiLij_ fuze clat/z. JDIzeij^ also used /zfLeJzatLed skins far the same /zu^/zase, tlze Lest s/zecimens af ulIzlcIz cuLe /vLanounced ta lie ma/Le beautiful than the finest Liellum. J±Jhe'uL manuscri/zts mefLe sometimes done u/z in rails a/~ scrolls, and frequently, an tablets, in the form of a faldinc^-screen. JDIzeir inks a/z/zear ta hane been colari/uj matters in uiaterjj. solutions.

THE HISTORY OF IjYK. 43

JU/ze oldest SPfzae/zicia/z iizk-m/LitinQ of mfziclz ctfiLf sjzecinze/z has liee/z /zJ-ese^/ied, dates, iza Late/L tkcuz tfze seca/zd ce/ztuHf. liefa/Le $/zjcist, czizd irzaiLf lie irzaclz aide/-.

^fL fac-si/rziLe of a fza/Ltia/z of it mill lie fazuzd curzcuzQ. olz/l ilLust/^atia/zs, ejz/zlai/zed liLf /rates. /LefeHLi/zc^ ta eac/z laf. Its /ZLz/7ztie/L.

X^/Leek /rza/zzisc/Li/zts in. i/zk. (a/z /za/zjjjcas) , of. tfze t/zu~d ce/ztu/^jj. liefojLe $lz/List, CL/Le uz ejizs±e/zce. /life c^Liie sjzecinze/zs of tfze old- est h./zaui/Zf — a/ze m/Lutte/z in. ^c^L^jzt, SvO J^. $., lieuzQ a/z a^de^ f/Lo/rz (3)iasca/Lidesf a/z affzcez-oft/ze^aneHzme/zt of SPtalemif SP/zd- adeljzlzLLS, ta cuza±fze/L izained ($Ja/Liatz. SJfze t/La/zsLatia/z of tfze ma^ds is " (H) iasca/Lides ta 0)o/llo/z, Q/leetuzQ. (Dft/ze Lette/Lto. (S)ojllo/z tfze ca/z/f is sulifai/zed. " * * * fWe. add atfze/*- s^jzecinze/zSy of tfze sanze a/zd Late/L /ze/Liads.

(Df j£.a±i/z ui/Liti/zQ aiitfz i/zkt tfze ecuLliest me ca/z fi/zd is tfze /zaliirz/zsest of ^zce/La}s Laak, <i(&)e SHejzalilica" m/zicfz fzad Lee/z /za/^tljj. effaced ta nzake iLaojiz fo/L a ca/ztf of ^fLuQusti/z's cairzirzeizta/^ ojz t/ie SPsalnzs. Jft is lieliened liif tfze Lea/Hzed thai tfze o/Lz- c^iizal /rzaiZLisc/Li/zt mas executed at Least as ea/LLf as t/ze second o/L t/zinl ce/zt/z/^/f of tlie $lz/Listia/z e/La. ^Jlze /-estaratia/z of t/zis /na/ZLLSc/Li/zt} and t/ze disco ne/Hj^ of t/zis fa/zq- last a/zd earnestly, sa/zg/zt classzc Qcnz, mci-c tlze moi-k of $a/Ldi/zal jltai, czs Lcfo/Le men-

A- A ^HE HISTORY OF IjYK.

tianed. Jjflzc QjhQinal maiLds aiLe teterrimus

ET EX HAC VEL , CLIlcL UILC tUfiiteil ill tmo

columns, an the fzuc^e, mkile tke latetL twHtuig. /cuns cam/zletelif acfat&s. tke /zcuje.

(Df tke eaMiest ui^iti/ijg. executed ui Jf^ance, aftef- that cauntHf. fiecehied its.

name pLam tkase mka canc^ue/Led it, uie QLiie a s/zecimen pLairz tke /legi/ini/iQ of a ckartei- afJCinc^ (BayoLe^t I executed ft. (B. b%$.

Jjflze maHls a/~e quotiescumque petitioni-

b us " — " Jf&LuieiietL ma/uj. tunes, ta /zetitians, y> Sic. Jft is a canfbLnzatian of a /zcu'titian of /vLo/ze/Lt^ Letuieen turn. keiiLs. jJJIze man- aQiLammatic autogj-a/zk of tke /^tLeat JfCcuH \, (in. modern times culled ^ka/Llemagne,) uie ju-esent also as an olifecl of interest, ft.(3). 800.

JDke oldest s/zecimen of utriiiriQ. in /^t~eat \/Litain m/zick kas Leen /z/Lese/LLLed ta tke nineteenth cenfuHj., mas a Look Lelzeaed to lie not late^ tkan tke jj_ea/~ bOO of tke $kiListian eiLa. ftsfle kas jziLeseiLiLed an en- Qj-aited sjzecimen af it; Lut tke jziLLceless original kas since Leen dest/~aifed luf fuLe in tke JB^iLitisk jl/Luseum. Jft mas said to, lie a Look of ftuQustin. ft sjzecimen still m existence, dates lietm.ee/ z tke jj.ea/cs v bJj. and tjO. Jit is a ckcu-te/- of <~fcLLi} JffinQ af tke tfast <~f axons, and is easily. iLead: — "Jf} <~feLLi, JKiiiQ," Sic. /life subjoin a few. motLds fi-om Ike cantmencemient of a cluu-teiL

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. Jf.5

afJltfilliam tke ^anq.LLe^a^, uikase ^eic^n com- menced in /p norland, *fk. (3). iObb: — Will:

DEI GRAT1A REX, $b&} SdATIS ME CONCESSISSE

ufWJilliam, luf tke qHlcc of /^ad, JfCing Sic. : JfCnaui. t^e tkat Jf kane Ranted — n

Isaac U Israeli, in Ills. ^LL^iosities af j£i±efLa±LU% (naL & , /icicle 180, of tke J^as- to.n edition, ) chines a treatise an tke a (Dhq^jz aftke jl/lateLLials af fffl*HjJju£". J?£e com- mences it mitk tkese LLematLkaLle Liia^ds: u Jft is clu^lolls ta okse^ne tke nat lolls sllL- stifutes fo^ /za/zetc LefaLLe its discanetHf."

JfojUL, af all " ciLtLiasities of litet-atLL^e," tkLS little sentence is, in nzanLf tLes/zects, tke mast cLLtLiaLLS. JI£e talks af SLLLstitLztes fa^ cl tkinOy not in existence, and not eaen a SLLkj_ect af inzaq^uiatiojz, canfectLL^e, aP can- ce/ztia/z. J3ke name af (Ll)} Jfs^aeLi does not uzdicate an Irish oj-lqul, IillI tke^e is a shLojza^ affinitif lietmeen tkis and tkase clull- asities of literature cammanltf called (i Jffish. LllLIs. )} ^fts far instance, it Reminds, lls af tke cojLJilet cam/zosed liif an JfiLisk officer af a q.aHLisan in tke £Fcattisk Jf&q-klands, in commemoration af tke u Qaad ma/^ks" af general Jllfade, mko kad caLLsed excellent tnUItcuHf steads, la. lie made tki^aLLC^k same af tke /zreiiiojLsLj. altnast im/zassaLle mojLasses of tkat region.

" Had you seen these roads before they were made,

YouJd have lifted your hands and blessed General Wade."

46 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

J^aoL, luf. uiatf af camment an D Israeli, uie ullLL sajj. t/zat "it is aeHf. cLULiaus,n and mafLeaLLetL aeHf strange, if not fadiculaus, t/zat ke and Astle, (f^am uikam fie ca/zies uiit/zaut a full and fabL acknauiledc^ment,) ui/zile "dee/zhj. cam/zlaininQ af t/ze infe- iLiatLitLf- af au^ inks, ta t/zase af ajitiquitu./' /zane utterly, failed ta ascertain t/ie cause a^ eaen ta notice t/ze accasian af it. JJ/zeLf, as uiell as attzeiL ui^ifet^s an t/ze subject, aLse^ae t/ze excellence af t/ze ink emfzlajj_ecL in irzanusaLijzts af eatLlze^ ag^es, damn ta t/ze tuielft/z centuty, and t/ze infe^ia^itif af t/ze ink used pLairz t/zat /retLiad damn ta t/ze clase at 't/ze seaenteent/z centuty, uiit/zaut turning attentian ta t/ze g^eat lzistaiLical fact t/zat t/ze first paper-mill in $u/ca/ze uias estab- lished in t/zat sairze tivelfth century.

^fk fzeculiat^ cachexy (a aa^ietif af t/ze disease knauin ta /zsc/zLfa-nasalac^ists as t/ze cacoethes scribendi,) seenzs ta Le /ze^editaty in t/ze 0) } JfsJ-aeLL fanzilif. Benjamin U Israeli, (t/ze san af Jfsaac,) late ^)/zancellatL af t/ze {pjcclzeq_ueiL) Sic, La/zen Ize tLase zn /zis jzlace, as t/ze Jffead a^ Ste/z^esentatiae af Jf£etL jt/Laj_estLj! s Qaae^nnzent in t/ze Jffause af ^ainmans, ta fz^anaunce a eulagjj. an t/ze icecentlif. deceased QLuke af /llfelli/iQtan, had. t/ze impudence ta ^ejzeat, uia^d fatL uiatLd, a aeiHf Laid translation af t/ze eloge deliu.e/Led luf ^Eamattine a feui L^ea^s /ztLeaiaus, an ac-

THE HISTORY OF IJfK. 47

casian of tke deat/z af one af tke third-rate nzarskaLs of J^ajzaLeon I.

JUke (H)' JPsraeLL fanziLt^ are eaidentLi^ ° same "of tke ckddren af JfsraeL, ui/zo, (as uie are tald aiz o^aad autkarity.,) uiken tkeif Left fpQLffzt borrowed eueriftkin^. tlzet^. caald get, cuzd neaer, so far as tfie record shams, eitker returned t/ze articles sa attained, or nzade /irajzer acknauiLed^/zzents tkerefor.

JSfke ffilzuze.se did manufacture fza^zer from t/ze Lark of tke snzaLL Lranclies of a tree af tke muLlierri^. g^enus, (Morus Multi- caulis?) and also from aid rags, sLLkt fiem/z, and cotton, as eartif as t/ze second centuHj. af tke ^kristian era; and it is su/z/zased tkat from, tkenz tke ^fLraLs defined tlzeir knauiLedc^e af /zafzer- making, an art uikick tkeg. introduced into ^ura/ze in tke fohner kalf of tke tuielft/z cen- turg, uiken tke first /za/zer-iniLL mas jzut in a/zetLatiojz in SF/zain, tken under tke jl/Laartsk dominion; and, in H50, tkis cuLticLe, as manufactured Luf tkenz, kad Lecanze fanzaus tkrauglzaut ^kristendanz.

[/life use tke lizards ^ftrali and jl/Laar in- discrtnzinatekf kere. J3fke fohner is tke nanze of tke race; tke Latter is Limited to tkat jzartiojz found in jYortlzern jtfrica. JDIze Jlaar is t/ze ^fkraL af tke West, (j£L jl/LagreL, fpL /(jl/zarL,) intlze ^ftrakic, denomi- nated Mogrebyn, — a uLard uilziclz in Slanzan

4$ THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

and fpuro/zean months, has smo.atked and softened itself into, a fcuhrt su^estine of the aftgln. of Maurus and Mauritania.^

J\fom, uizlkoul earning to a /zositiise con- cluszon an tkzs su/ij-ect, ate feel autkoiLZj.ed to. [uLonojuLce ui/iat a/z/zeatLs to lie a reason- able o/iuiLOJi, defined pLom all t/ze facts, m/zzck i fie kane Jii&i jzlaced lie fare tke iLeadejL, — t/iat t/ie uztrocluctiorz of ziiiltuzQ- jzaJLei- amanQ ^u/-o/zea/zs} mas. the occasion and cause of t/ze uuiention and QeneiLal em/zlc ufme/zt of modern iiultinQ-znk tiif tkem.

JD/ze fact that tke iiegetalile astringents form a deefz ojl lilnisk lilack coIqjl, uifien comtiined uiith a salt of iron, /tad keen known pLom time immemorial. ^fLmonQ t/ze HdHojnans, tlze atramentum sutorium, — " s/zo_emake/~'s ink/' — uias a/z/zlied to a so- lution of sidjzkate of uLon ernfzloLfed liy tlzem, as it is eaen to. this, day, Ly. uwjLketLs in leatker, to lilacken tke surface of tkat material. JD/zzs it does Lif uniting, c/zemi- calkj. niitk tlze tannin and gallic acid, L/j. iiikick tlze Izide mas connected into leat/ze/-, uikose lilacketzed /zatLticles aiLe tkerefoi-e essentially, identical niitk nzodehz ink. SJ/ze " co/z/ze/cas-uialefL" is to lie found in ene/if skoemake^s skofz, uike^e it is used to color t/ze cut edq.es of tlze keels and tlze /-est of tlze soles.

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 49

^fls soon as tke difficulty of mHtlncf uiltfz caniienlence and tLajzldltif. an fzafzetL, mltk tke ancient catLlianaceous Ink, liecanze manifest, tke ^esoH: ta tke atr amentum suto- rium as a sulistitute fat*- tke atramentum scriptorium, mas a matted af course, and mas Lut a simjzle ada/ztatlan af a familial sub- stance ta a nem fzutLfzase, ^eq.ulHncf. nacft^eat IncfenLutLf., and na Innentlan mkateneH

£fta^ a tine, fze^kajzs th.Hm.Qh a fzefaad af Senegal centuries, a mixture af. tke turn hands af Ink mas em.fzlaLf.ed laf. tke ata- mans; and tkls mas undaulitedlif tke Lest cain/zasltlan tkat mas ene^ Inaented fa^ tke fzu^/zase af dellke^ate, careful, elegant mfatlncf, designed and ^eq.ubLed ta lie fzetc- manent and unckanq.ealiLe undetL constant ex.jzasu^e and kandllncf, — as In tke case af manuscHfzt Looks Lefa^e tke aH: af /zHntlncf. mas known. fpiien as ea^lif. as tke fhLst centuHf af tke $kiLlstlan eiLa, In tke tlnze af SPllntf tke /IfounQe^ and fziLaLaLLf long Lefa^e tkat, a salutlaiz af sul/z/zate af uLan mas camnzanlif. a& f^ecf.uentLij. added ta tke ca^Lanaceaus and oleaginous rnuitu^e mklck me kaae described as tke original melting- Ink. Jfn skoiLt, tke atramentum sutorium mas added, In moderate cfuantlfij., ta tke atramentum scriptorium, tkus constituting. It a chemical as melL as a mechanical Ink. <~fo, madefrz Ink /naif lie l/n/zi^a/ied m Llack-

50 9THE HISTORY OF 1JTK

ness, cLiftriiiLiLif and lieantif, and tendered luzckanQealile in. cala^ tuzde^ tke action af tke cklatLides} acids. , &.c, liLf tke inteHnijt- tiuLe of a small cfitantitij. af. tke ll&Hj. finest caiLl±an, in tke fahrt af an im/tal/zalile /zaui- de/\ ^-id, tke^eat difficulty, is — tkat tke caption clo^s tke Jzen, and fenders tke ink * taa tkick ta flaia easily., sa tkat it can nenet- lie ased fa^ ^a/zid a^ a^dina/Hf unLitinqr. /life can not yine, in an/- auin uia^ds, a Letted accaant af tkis matted tkan me find in tke language af a uety. Learned autkatL in tke ^dinliu/tyk S3tenieuL, (jialume Jj.8> } @)ec. i$2$).

J3fke cuticle ketLe cited is entitled " The Recovery of Lost Writings," and is nominally. a^eaieuL af ^Gah Institutionum Comment arii: [2]Institutes de Gaius, re- cemment decouvertes dans un palimpseste

DE LA BlBLIOTHEQUE DE ChAPITRE DE VeRONE. [3]JURISC0NSULTI AnTE-JuSTINIANEI RELIQUIAE

ineditae, ex codice rescripto Bibliothecae Vati- canae, car ante Angelo Maw, Bibliothecae ejusdem Praefecti. SJke article Lectins on fiacre SJ^8y of tkis nalu/ne of tke &_euieui. /life equate f^am jiac^e Sbb ; — u J3ke ink uikick tke ancients c^ene/calkf used, mas comjwsed of lanz/z-Llack ini^ied tuitk Qiun, as uie atLe informed liij. (LL LakcaiLides and atketLs, uika c^iae tke ^eceijit [/~eci/Le?~\ fa/L making it. Jfnla af tkis kind matf. lie

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 51

called ca^lianic : zt /zassesses tke advantages of extreme lilackness and duiLaliilitij., tke m/^itincf. ^emammQ. pLesk sa long as tke suli- stance an m/zick it ls LaHtte.iL exists ; liut as it daes not si/zk znta tke. ^zafze^, it is Halite ta tke Q^eat uzconaenience af lieing. easilij. and eirtiz-eliij. t-emoLied; fa^, if a met s/zange lie a/r/zlied ta it, tke m^itinc^ maLf lie masked auiaif, and no traces af tke ckaz-acte^s aiilt Remain. J3ke facility aiitk uikick docu- ments irzigkt lie tkus alilite^ated, g^ane occa- sion ta fraud, as an ajHbfuL foJ-c^ey- mas alile ta ^emane suck jzoj^tions af tke a^io^inal ui^itin<£ as ke mic^kt desire ta get Hd af and tkus jz^ofit Ll^ tke alisence af material ma/^ds, atL insert in tke lilanks uikick ke kad made, suck inte^/zalatians as migkt se^ne kis tuHZo jl/Lang common accidents, liif uikick Looks and meltings uietLe ex/zased ta met, at*- enen ta damjz, me^e also fatal, cjLat Least kzgklij. inj-Uit-iaus, ta camfzasztians cuzd muniments af c^-eaf nalue. flf avians expe- dients metLe tke^efaiLe attemjzted ta ^enzedjj. an imfzeiLfectian f^am. uikick mantf nzust kane suffered seuePelif. Pliny informs us tkat it mas usual, i/z kis time, ta mix. ui/ze- qu/1- mitk tke ink, ta make it strike into the paper or parchment, and t/zat it, i/z same decree, a/zsmei-ed tlze /zu/L/zase. Jft s/iauld seem t/zat Liit/Lialic ink, suck as me use at jz/Lesent, mas also ado/zted soon afte/Lma/Lds,

THE HISTORY OF IJTK

lll/zlc/l /zassesses, in /zetLfectLan, t/ie quality, l/iat mas desired of sinking instantly, into, t/ie fta/iet6', so. as ta make it puL moiLe diffi- cult to disc/zatLqe it uiitkout destfLoLf.in^. the texture on udziclz it is u±tcitten, and of LeinQ. /zeicfectljj_ secure against aiate/c} Lif uitiick Jfndian and ot/ze^ caJiwnLc. Jfnks cuLessa easily, effaced. It is not, Aauieue/1, equally

SECURE AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF TIME; foiL

vitriolic ink gradually, fades auiatf, Lecomes jzale^ Liy de£iLees, tu/^ns LtLauin and tyelloui, and is scarcely. leyiLle; and sometimes, as tlze /zaiLc/zment Q^auisiyelloui and L^ollliz uiit/z aq^e, it disa/z/zea^s altogether, ^fk conz- jzoand kind of ink canze next into use, uilzicli united tfze advantages and avoided t/ie de- fects of tlze tnia sim/zle sorts. <~Puc/z a mixed ink mas generally, used far several centiuLies; and aiit/z tfzis, the nzanusaLijzts t/zat are noui most fLeslz and leyiLle a/z/zecuL ta Izane Leen uiritten. Jft is evident t/zat tlze ink lvlLIi Li±/zictz tfze original marks contained in tlze IPatim/zsest nzanuscri/zts t/zat have keen decifzlzered mere uiritten, mas at Least i/i /zatLt vitriolic: for tlze Letters ailiic/z Izad Leen HtLLed out were rendered legible by the application of the infusion of galls JP/z order to remove tlze original uuLitinc$} tlze /iardi- ments on m/zic/z tlze mixed ink had Leen used mere, jzroLaLly, first masked to take off tlze carLon, and t/zus /tartially to efface

THE HISTORY OF IJfK. 53

t/ze c/za^acte^s, and uie^e afte^uia^ds sciLa/zed at*- ^uLLed uiit/z fzumice} a& same at/ze^ suit- able substance, ta camjztete t/ze fz^acess of destruction, bif taking, auiaif. mec/za- nicalljj. t/ze catatL t/zat t/ze nitiLiatic fzaiL- tia/z af t/ze ink still jz^ese^ned. -ft is liut taa /z^abalite t/zat manLf manusc^i/zts, t/ze ctza^acte^s af uilzic/z uie^e enti^eLf fahrzed af t/ze irza^e ancient carbonic inhy /zaae been eiztuLehj_ dest/catfed, t/ze tetters /zau-UZQ been luas/zed off camfzletettf, and bif t/ze same sim/zte means as t/ze waiting, af a sc/zaal-baif. an a slate; uJzilst t/ze jzaiLc/z- ment still Remains Liz au/L tibiLaiLies, aizd is. caae^ed uiit/z trza^e irzadehz canz/zasltians ui/zic/z /zaae saciLilegiauslif and taa success- fully usu^jzed t/ze jzLace af maiLe ancient aizd nza^e aatuabte matteiL. J3lze tirades, af $^11 ah af ^fe^ame, aiL t/ze tauzd^if elo- quence af ^lzicjj.sastam, aiLe fze^/za/zs fi^mLf establis/zed in. q.uaHie^s from ui/zeizce \?~\ t/ze jl/Latyites of Jf^anze^, a/c t/ze cairzedies af jKenande^, ui.eiLe miserably, dislodged.

" ^fL irzaiZLLSc^ijzt is caL/ed SPatim/zsest,

f^airz t/ze aclfectitie iraXifX-^aitfVos aiL iroLki^^rog,

signifying tuiice Htbbed; not as t/ze glass- aHf af(S)u/$ange (membrana iterum abrasa — charta deletilis) mould seem ta denote, lie- cause t/ze /zaiLc/zment Izad tmice undei^gane abi^asu^e, ojc t/ze uuLiting been tmice abliteiL- atcd, but because it Izad Leen it idee /zi^e/za^ed

54 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

faiL malting, m/zick mas. fz^inci/zallg effected kg. Hikking if mit/z jzunzice, fifLst in the course af manufacture, afteiL t/ie original skin Izad keen. auLed, and again kg t/ie same /z^acess, after tlze original ui/iting iiad keen, taken amag kg masking, ai~ i/i ang atke/L manned. jDke strict and jziLecise sense af SPalimfzsest is tketLefatLe {tmice /zre/zared fa/L uuLitingf tfze re/zetition af suck /z/Ae/zaratian keing tlze Jzrenailing idea in tlze etgmalagg, and not erasure, as sanze Izaae ehLaneauslg sufzfzased. Jft is said to. ke easg ta renzaae pLam modern ^zarcknzent, es/zeciallg if mkat is mritten ke af sanze standing, all traces af inciting, kg Htkking zt rn.it k fzumice, atL similar sukstances; and if tlze surface ke aftetLmards jzalisked, na one, kg merely, looking an it, mdl eaer su/z- fzase t/zat it Izad ener keen uuHften. u/zan; kut, if it ke mashed kg an infusion of galls, tlze Letters mill ke sa far restored, Jzarticu- larlg if it ke suffered ta remai/z same time uz tlze light 9 t/zat it may. ke ca/zied kg. a /zatient and /zracticed /zerso/i, mka is gifted mzt/z gaad eges: — sa deejzlg. Izad tlze iron entered into tlze soul af tlze jzarcktrzent ! Jff tlze erased letters mere mritten in a kald large kand, tlze task af decifzlzerLzg tkenz mill af caurse ke less trauklesonze, and tlze Results mare sure, ^fknd suck are tke clzar- acters of tlze nzoiLe ancient manuscrLJzts ;

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 55

faiL, tlze alde^ t/ze irzannsaLijzt, tlze Letter cuzd nzaiLe Lea^iLiLe is tke uifatiizQ, as a/z- /vcaaclzinQ incuse. /zeaicltf ta tlze. a^es af ciailitif cuzd iLefineinent. JDIze nzetkad af uuLitiizQ Liz aid tim.es. is alsa faaaiLaLLe, it is said, ta tlze iLesta^atian af uia/Lks a/z/za^- enttij. alitite^ated. JHIze sciLilie did nat use a flaming, ink, izaiL a finely fiainted jzen, as nzadehz m^ite/^s aiLe mant; na^ mas a small q_u_aiztiti£. afi^tied sa ligJztlif aizd s/za^inghf as ta dtLLf. ahrzast as fast as it taack.es tlze /za/zefL. JDIze ancient ink. mas thick unt/z gain, and mas su/z/zlied ca/ziaasl/j. Lg a jzen mit/z a L^aad jzaint, usually made of a iAeed; a/zd tlze dza^acte^s me^e painted i^atfie^ tkaiz miLitten, tlze ink ^at/ze^ ^esemLling jzaiizt ojl naHzislz tlzaiz aiuL thin tiq_uaiL. jfls t/zeif iLa/Aelif uuLate in Laaks, it mas nat necessaftf tliat tlze /zage slzaald d/LLf s/ieedihf, ojl Le dicied laf. means af saizd a/zd Llattuza^jzajze^, i/z a^de^ ta ji^eaent tlze Lass af tune, and tliat t/ze fzeninaiz might tahz aire^ tlze leaf immediately. ; tlze laase s/zeets a/A leaves, an t/ze cant/^aHf, mlzich me^e anlif ta lie liaund lljz mhen tlze nilzaLe mas cam.jzteted, mei^e left ta diLg slauittf, sa tliat tlie jzaaLs af ink mlzich faHned tlze Letters, staad tang, an t/ze surface af t/ie jiai^chment ; and t Izat jzaiLt af tlze fluid mlzich u±as af a /ienetiLating. natuiLe mas giLadiiattg aLsaiLLed, and sunk deejzig inta tlze suLstance af tlie skin, sa as

56 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

ta /vLes.ejLLLe ta us — if me lie nat mantinQ ta au/Lselnes in diligence — man/j. fz/~eciaus Re- lics, af ancient La/Le. JDke iLesta/Latian af tke aHQuiaL uiHtiriQ. in a /zalim/zsest nzcuui- sc/Li/zt ulLLL lie Lest ex/zlained luf Pefe^Hag ta ane af tke man/j. kinds af sjj.m/zat/zetic uzk, mkzck is in tiHttlz, making common ink ex post facto, a/L uniting, t/ze ingredients af mkic/z it is. camjzased, after tke fact af mritzng. Jff me incite mitk mate/L i/z mkick cafz/ze/^as kas Lee/z dissalaed, tke Letters, uiitl lie bzaisiLle; Lut mken tke /za/zer kas Lee/z masked a/ie/L mitk an infusian af galls, tkeg. mill afz/zea/L gradually., a/zd miLL i/z time Lecame tale/LaLlg LegiLle; tke ink. Leing tkus farmed u/za/z tke fzafzer, altkaugk muck Less fzerfectLg, tka/z i/z tke a/LdincuLg mace/La- tia/z."

^tittle ar natking ca/z lie added ta tke full and elaLa/Late kista/Lg af ancient and made/Hz inks uikick is cantained i/z t/zis extract, — sa tlza/Laugk and ca/n/zlete in its analysis af tke suLfect, a/zd sa cleat1 in its distinct statements af tke Results af in/ies- tigatians in mkick same af tke mast acute minds af tpu/La/ze ka/ie lang keen success- fully, emjzlaged, tkat me mill nat linger u/za/z it mitk mere aerLaL criticism.

/life ca/z nat /zresent a mare striking zLlustratian af tke ckange in tke cam/zasi- tian af inks aLaut tke time af tke inaentian

THE HISTORY OF IjYK. 57

af tke art af /uLuztuiQ, tkaiz is ftuHzisked liif tke aizizex.ed facsimile af a fzac^e in tke Biblia Pauperum, (" J$.iLLe fatL /zaaic folks," ) tke aLclest /z/ciizted liaak Liz tke iacuLLcL SI Ills ex.ttLaafLcluzcLtLLf liaak is af Uncertain date. ( Jfa juHnted liaak kas a date /zz-ia/- ta Y4^7-J J3keiLe a/Le, as uie LeLiene, aizlif tuia cajzies af it iiz yZirze/'ica, a/ze in tke /zassessia/z af James Lenox, of Jsfem-fl£ojLk) — tke atkeiLiiz tke Astor Library.

J3ke maketL af t/zis liaak uias tke luzcoiz- sciaas LzneiztaiL af tke a/Lt of /zz-aztuiq. JWaod-etzQi-aiiiizQ mas in use foi~ aq.es liefaiLe it accused ta tke mind af nzaiz tkat a Letter irzig^kt lie as easilif /-e/zz-adaced iiz tkat uiatj. as a /zictuiLe a/L ficfjufe. JDa coiz- LLetj. scfLi/ztiuLal kistatLif ta tke irzbzds af tke cairzirzaiz /zea/zle, tke uiaad-eizq.iLaneiLs( /ukase a/Lt luas inne/zted ta /rzidti/zkf a/zd ckca/zeiz tke /zj-aductia/z af playing- cards) nzade Izt- tle /zictiuLes ^e/v-eseiztirzc^ sceizes desa~zlied, a/zd eaeizts iiajLiLatedf iiz tke Jffilde. ^J'oi- tke lietzefit of tke fern uJza could iLead, it uias custama/u. ta uirite o/z tke ma/gin, o/~ at tke foot, af tke fume ojz itikick tke mood- citt uias fiHnted) a fail ULO/ds, drsa-i/zli/ie of tke salifect ojl akj.act delineated. JDIzls uias aluiaij-S daize uiitk a jzeu, luf a i-rq/dai- sciLiLe} until) a/ze daij, it acau-rea L ta the /uaad-e/iQ/Latie/L eirzfi do/jed ojl the Biblia Pau- perum, that these ujuouhLs might Ue as easily.

53 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

engrailed as the figures, to. mhich they. referred, and af mhich thejj. uiefie the ejtjzLa- nation. Jf£e jzut that idea uz /zractice : and in an Instant the suLlinze art of printing mas an " accam/zlished fact."

JHIze. adaocates af tlze claims af JfCaster, z^ansefleisch, (ojl /^utenLerQ,) 2f?aust (or 2f?ust,) and ^Fchaeffer, ta t/zis indention, hane masted muck lakor in bringing, forth conflicting testimony about tfzenz. JDIze long-forgotten and nam mlzallg luzk-namn maad-engraiier af the Biblia Pauperum fzad jzreceded them Inf. IzaLf af a generation. Sfuch liaaks mere in existence before ^fL (&). iJj.£0 ; and tlze earliest date m/zic/z tlze Jf&Larlaem ([Dutchmen set u/z far tlze first jzrinting af their fellam-tamnsnzan, J£ezm- rence JfCaster, is i J±£8'. ^fknd his. jzreten- sians are after all nerg dubious. Jfndeed theg hane Leen generallg candenzned as utterlg fabulous bg bibliogra/zhical critics and tgfzagra/zhical historians.

/life introduce it here ta sham the color and the (therebg indicated) canz/zasitian of the ink emfzlaged. Jft mas writing-ink. Jft contained siil/zhate of iron (ca/z/zeras), in canzliinatian mit/z vegetable astringent matter, and mith nerg little carbon. JDhe aegetable substance, imjzerfectlg united ta the mineral ingredient, has (in obedience to the Lams af organic matter) Leen decoin-

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 5

jzased arid " r^esalned into, its original ele- ments." Jft kas disa/z/zear^ed ; Lut the iron Remains Lu.it k its Lfellam stain, an imjzeHskaLLe memorial af tkat kumLle, nameless maiLkman, ma^e enduring, tkan tkat mkick tke /zlaintine man af flL%. de- seed; fat*- if tfiase mar^ds liad keen u gr^anen mitk an iron pen and lead in trie r^ack for- ever," tkat antici/zated eternity nziglzt kaae faded af realisation luf tke action af tke iLain, tke fr^ast, tke dust, and inmuner^aLLe imaginakle atmasjzke^ic nicissztudes, a^, (mkat is lactase, J atke m^atk af man." — SPame ^amlofses might kane demalisked tke tLack itself and left no matLe of tke mscr^i/ztian tkan can nam Le f^ead af tkase once canned an tke cliffs af Ipdam, tke /^ad- cheated malls af SPeti^a in tke nalley af Eh Ghor.

JDkis jzaLe ^ustif word-stamping an tke fragile and easily, camliustilile /za/zer^-, Izas aiztlasted tke inscr^i/itians once nisilile in gigantic ckaJ-acter^s an tke faur^ sides af tke jl/temjzkitic /zgmmids; and it is only, an incidental Result of tke intelligence diffused and tke learning fziLanzated Lllj. tke inaentian tkns liegmz, tkat me can nam tLead tke lang- IznHed ^ecar^ds af J^inenek, tke ejzitajiks af tke JDkeLaic kings, and tke goatlings an tke /z/ceci/zitaus fronts af tke maiuztains mkick siuLiuaiind tke illiuzs af S?e/Lse/zalis.

60 THE HISTORY OF IJTK

^fLLL uirlters u/zan tills. su.Lj.ect kane strangely. oaerlaoked tke fact that tke art of zm/zressuzy or jzrlntlny letters uiltk a metal- lic stamfz or ty/ze an fzarckment, as a sub- stitute far fzen-uiark, Is aliaul a tkausand /years alder t/zan tke jzerlad aLoae s/zeclfled as tke date af tke Inaentlan af tlze modern art af fiAntinQ. JfJke Codex Argenteus, (tke oldest translation, of tke entl/Le J$_lLle into any fpura/zean language, ) Is a famous Look, In tlze JElLrary af tke fllnlnerslty. af fllfzsala In SPuieden.

(JUfe ylne tlze jzartlcuLars af Its klstory. In our ^ftjzjzendlxL.)

JHIzls " antique }} Is on /zur/zle vellum, (uiklck Is fzarckment made of calf-skin,) and all tke letters are sil ver, (uikence tke name f^odeja ylryenteus, tke " sllner Loak/;j manifestly. Impressed an tlze /zaye Ly a metallic stam/z at*- ty/ze, eack letted evi- dently. Leuzy an a sefzarate stack or kandle, and a/z/zlted Ly. manual jziLessLULe. JWe ylne a s/zeclmen af tkls stifle af uLork. Jft may. Le called jzrlntlny, Lut can not Le denominated manuscript, for tkat Is ( liter- ally.) " kand-uirltlny," uiklck tkls certainly Is not.

Jfn au^ ^fl/z/zendlx. may. Le found stdl earlier Instances of tkls art as jzractlced Ly tke ancient OSiamans on a small scale, ui signatures, trade- marks, Sic.

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 61

Jlfke ^dlfikuf^k M.enieuL t^efe^s. ta SPlinjj. and 0) iascafades, as fuhziskinq. di^ectians fat*- tke manufacture af ink. SJke fpdin.- Luutyk 3leaieui.e^ saifs ° MzeifiiM," — not f-e.- ca^ni^ing^ tke LuLaad distinctian Letmeen a receipt and a recipe. JHke fa^me^ af tkese tuia ulqjh£&. mas a^iginalltj. Intended ta can- neiftfie idea tkat tke fre^&an uika signs, tke fza/zetL has. got so_metking : tke Lotted matd, at*- Its. ^e/z^esentatine initial (3) ineans. si/<n- fikf, "take/'

SJke duLectians af SPLinif atLe in tke faL- Lauuing uia^ds: —

G. (Plinii Secundi Historia JVaturalis. Lib. XXXV, \25.

A TEAMEN T U M.

Jktramentum quoque inter factitios erit} quanquam est et terrou geminoe orig-inis. Jlut enim salsug-inis modo emanat, aut terra ipsa sulphuret coloi^is ad hoc probatur. Inventi sunt pictores, qui e sepulcris car- bones infectos effoderent. Importuna haeo omnia, et novitia. Fit enim e fuligine pluribus modis, resina vel pice exustis. (Propter quod, qffioinas etiam aedifi- cavere, fumum eum non emittentes. Lauolatissimum eoolem modo fit e tedis. jldulteratur fornacumbalnea- rumque fuligine, quo ad volumina scribenda utuntior. Bunt qui et vini faecem exsiccatam excoquant ; adfirm- antque, si ex bono vino faex fuerit, Indict speciem id atramentum praebere. (Poly g-notus et JVLicon celeber- rimi pictores Jlthenis, e vinaceis facer e : try ginon appel- lant, fipelles commentus est ex ebore combusto facere, quod elephantimbin vocavit. Jldportatur et Indicum, inexploratae adhuc inventionis mi hi. Fit etiam apud

62 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

infectores ex flore nigro^qui adhaeresoit aheneis cortinis. Fit et e tedis lig-no combusto, tritisque in, mortario car- honibus. JVLira m hoc sepiarum ruatura : sed ex hie Tbon fit. Omne avuterifr atrarnentv.m, sole perjzcitur} li- brarium, gummi, teotorum, glutino admixto. Quod autem aoeto liquefactvjm est, aegre eluitur.

(TRANSLATION.)

"Ink (or literally.) Blacking. — Jfnk also maif. lie set damn among, tire, artificial (or cam/zound) drugs, altkougk It Is. a mineral deemed from tuia sources. J3$ar, It Is. same- times deuela/zed l/i tire form, of a saline efflorescence, — aT Is a real mineral of sul- fzkureaus calar — ckasen far tills /zur/zase. JDh&ife. kaae keen jzalnters mka dug n/z fram graaes calared caals (carbon). J^.Lit all these are useless and nem-fangled nations. 2f*ar it is made from soot in aarlaus farms, as (far instance) af Luhzt rosin or filtck. jSftar tkis /zur/zase, tkeg kaae Luilt manu- factories not emitting tfiat sma.ke. JDIze ink. af tke i^ejLg Lest q.ualltg is made from, tke smoke af tarckes. ^fln i/zferiar article Is made from tke saat of furnaces and liatk-kause cklmnegs. J^Jkere are same (manufacturers) also, uika em/ilajj. tke dried lees af mine; and tkeg do sag. tkat If tke lees so emjzloged mere from good mine, tke c/_ualltg af tke ink is tkerebg muck im- /zraned. S*Polggnatus andjlilcon, celeLrated /lalnters at ^fltke/is, made t/zelr black /iaint from Lurnt gra/ze- nines ; tkeg gaae It tke

THE HISTORY OF IJSTK. 63

name af trygynon. Apelles, me are tald, made, his fLam liurnt iaary, and called it elefikantina " iiiary-Llack/ Jfndiya kas lieen decent ly im/zarted, — a sulistance mkase camjzasitian Jf kane nat yet iniiestiyated. J^Jke defers, make tkeirs franz tfie dark crust tkat yradually accumulates, an L^ass.- ket- tles. J?nk is made alsa fLam tarckes f/iine- knatsj, and franz ckarcaal fiaunded fine uz nzartars. <( j£fke cuttle-fis.fi n kas a renzark- aLLe q.uaLity in tkis resjzect; liut tke calar- iny-matter mkick it /traduces is not used in tke manufacture af ink. ^fLLl ink is unfzraiLed Ly ejz/zasure ta tke sun's rays. J^.ao^k-mriters} ink kas yum mined uiitk it, — meaner^ ink is made u/z uiitk ylue. Jfnk mkase materials kane keen Lic^uEfied Ly tke ayency af an acid is erased uiitk yreat difficulty.."

JUkis saunds nery muck like nansense: liut it is exactly uikat tke " /threat J^atu}Lal- ist,n IP liny, meant mken ke mrate all tkat he knem, and /zraLaLly all tkat uias tke/i knauin an tke sulyect af ink, lilack jzalnts and dyes, and nery dajLk-cala/Led fluids generality, mkick mere tken emjilayed Ly fzainters, dyers, meaners, mrite^s and jiky- sicians. J3a make kis cka/iter an tkis suli- J.ect fully, intelliyiLle ta us, me must Lear in mind tke fact, tkat tke yreat science af Che-

64 THE HISTORY OF IJSfK

mistry IzcuL na existence till manjj. centuries. aftetL Sfizniy. uuLate. ^fkiuL t/zus, it neu.etL accused ta kirn t/zat t/ze^e uias liut one suLstance, f/iain knauiiz ta lie elementcuLiy,) carbon, mhic/i QCLLLe. t/ze c/ualitij. of Slack- ness, ta all t/ze materials ui/zic/z he names, with, t/ze ejzce/ztzan af one salt of ca/z/zetL, and /zf-aliaLlif. a/ze af uLon, (t/ze sulfz/zate,) and Indigo, a /zu/Lely. aeg.etali.Le salistan.ce, t/ze dried coloring, matted af a jzlaizt in Jfndia, (Indicofera anil,) and named Laj. t/ze 3lam.an.Su fLairz t/ze county t/zat jziLaduced zt, and fuLst made it knaauz ta tlzeirz.

Pedanius Dioscorides, liahz in ^fLna^ai-- Las, (a city, af ^ilicia, aLant fi-ftjy miles pLam_ Tarsus, t/ze L'uLtlz.-jzlace af t/ze yl/zastle SPauL,) uifLate a Look an t/ze jltatefiia jl/Lc- dica, aiL t/ze equalities of diLuq-S, a Little after t/ze time ui/zen SP/iny. cam/zased /zis J^afuiLaL Jf£istaiLy.. JS^eitlze^ of tlzeirz seems ta /zaae Leen acquainted ULztlz t/ze uiritinQS af t/ze at/ze/4-. yt/z/zatcentlift t/zey lined, anLate and died nearijj. ojl actually. co.tem/zaiLa/Liy, in t/ze same emfzi^e, utteriy. iyna/~ant af eaclz atlze^s existence, — t/zauylz t/zey atLe nam. uniiie^salLy. ^ecayni^ed as t/ze tuia mast eminent mrite^s af czLl antiquity, an t/ze sulyects af J^atutLal Jf£ista/Ly. and t/ze jltcz- te^ia jltedica. JD/zey. Lat/z lined in tlze fLei<yn of JVe^a, and tlze date af t/ze active a^ middle jzcuLt af Lat/z thei/ lines may. Le

THE HISTOFY OF IJTK. 65

iLeas.ojzaLUjr jzLaced at atL aLaut tke ij.ea^ 100 af tke ^/z^LstLan §Hjl.

2fiiLam QL LascatLzdes_ ta Linnjeus, (Ljz tke Last ceatiuty,) tke jl/LatejLia jl/LecLLca made na actual /zt~ag./cess. and iLeceLaed rza SLCzentL- fzc inz/u^Q/ienzent ; ifet, eminent as. Is. (Q)las.- ca^zdes., ke mas &a Little knauin ta kLs. amn Qene^atLan afL t/zat next faLLaaiL/zQ, tkat It Is nam 1/n/zas.s.zlile ta ascertain tke exact date af kzs. LLtLtk atL af kzs. deatlz, at- ani^ facts. In IzLsl life, lint t/zat ke innate tuia LaaksL, af m/zLck t/zat ke/Le q^uated Lsl tke Lest knauLiZy and Izas, made klirz knamn 1J00 L^ecW-s. afte^ kls. LuLtk.

(/life irzaij. mentLan tkat t/zls. ^)LasccuLLdes. mas, In na ti-aceaLLe degree, delated ta tke jze^saiz af tke &airze name, mkase manu- s.cft'L/zt me kaae ca/zzed In an^ LLLusttLatzans. as. tke aldest extant s./zecurzen af /^i~eek Lnk-m^LtLnQ. )

/Ufe c^Lne a ttLans.Latzan af kLs. Li-Lef lint cairzjzLete descH/ztzan af tke ink used Liz kzs. tune, and tke ^Eatuz ae^szan, t/zat tkas.e m/za uiL&Lz ma/j. satLsff tkem.se/LLes. af tlze cajLiLectnes.s. af atuL fiende^LnQ. Jft mLLL Le Sieen t/zat Lt accufLs. at tke cLase af tlze Qf-eat maiLk af (LL Lasca/LLdes. : —

Jitr amentum, quo soribimus, e fuligine taedarum collectcb conficitur. In sing-ulas gummi uncias ternae fulig'inis unciae adjiciuntur. Fit etiam e resinae fuli- g-ine et pictoria ilia modo dicta, Hujus fuliginis aio-

66 THE HISTORY OF IJTK

tern sumi oportet minarn unam, g-ummi sesquilibram, taurini g-lutinis et chalcanthi singulorum' sesquiun- ciam Idoneum sst ad septica; et confert ambustis ex aqua paullo crassius inunctum et tamdiu dimissum} donee cicatrix obducatur} sanatis nimirum ulceribus sponte sua excidit.

Jltque jam, carissime Jlree, turn pro operis modo, quern proposueramus ; turn pro materiae auxiliorumque copia, quam colligere licuit} hucusque dicta sujficiant.

Libri quinti et ultimi de JJLateria JVLedica finis.

GPedanii (X>ioscoridis Jlnazarbei (X)e JVLateria JVLedica.

[TRANSLATION.]

\^£Jlze\ "Ink mitk m/ziclz me incite, is camfzased af tlze soot af ta^ckes, collected.

" J3a eac/z ounce af qlwz, add tkiLee af saot.

" Jft is al&a mcude af t/ze soot af tLesin and af t/iat lately, called i jzauztefis! lilack/ (Df this, soot, homeae^, — take ane mina, — of qiliiz, half a jzaiind, — af ax.-arlue a/zd af ca/z/ze^as, eac/z, half cuz aunce.

"Jft is cz c^aad a/z/zlicatia/z i/z cases af QaizQ^etze, and is useful i/z scalds, if a little thickened arid ein/zloifed as a saline, and jze^nzitted la iLenzain until a nem cuticle is farmed, mlzeiz it mill s/zantaneauskf fall off p-anz tlze /zeaLed satLe.

" ^fknd nam, mif ne/Hj. deatL yli-eus, in due /zfafzartian to t/ze matLk mlziclz nie liad un- dertaken, and tlze cfuanlity. af tlze materials and cantrtLutians mkick me could <gatlie/~, uifzat uie liane tlius fa/L said must suffice.

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 67

" tpnd af tke fifth, and Last Laak an £Jke jt/LateiLia jl/Ledica.

\_JDke LaaM\ af UPedanius (2) iascaHdes an tke jUate^ia jltedica."

fllfe kaae fallauied tke. text af JKa^L /jlat- LeiL JfCiikn. Medicorum Graecorum, opera quae extant. j£eifei£, i$2<f.

^fLinanQ. tke fantastic trifles, uiitk aikick Dean Swift nias accustamed ta amuse his. Leisure, is a Little stfanQ af ae^ses an tkis sali^ect uikick atLe afzfzended, not as kein^ af any. /zaetic me/cit, Lut as a " cu^iasity af LitetLatiuLe)) — nat attt af /zlace ke^e: —

#tt fit

I am jet black, as you may see, The son of pitch and gloomy night ; Yet all who know me will agree Pm dead, except I live in light,

Sometimes in panegyric high, Like lofty Pindar, I can soar, And raise a virgin to the sky, Or sink her to'd *'* * * *

My blood this day is very sweet, To-morrow of a bitter juice ; Like milk, "'tis cried about the street And so applied to different use.

Most wondrous is my magic power : For with one color I can paint. Pll make the devil a saint this hour, Next make a devil of a saint.

Through distant regions I can fly, Provide me with but paper ivings, And fairly show a reason why There should be quarrels among kings.

6$ THE HISTORY OF IJ^K

And, after all, you'll think it odd, When learned doctors will dispute, That I should point the word of God, And show where they can best confute.

Let lawyers bawl and strain their throats , 'Tis I that must the lands convey, And strip their clients to their coats, — Nay, give their very souls away.

JWe find al&a in SPa/zes e/zistle af J^elaise ta ^fLLeiLLatLd an allusion ta tke fzauie/L af Letters, as canjieifing Ideas, uikic/z seems. a/z/ztLafz^iate la t/zis connexion, as illustrat- ing tke ases af ink.

Heaven first taught letters for some wretch's aid, Some banished lover, or some captive maid : They live, they speak, they breathe what love inspires, Warm from the soul, and faithful to its fires ; The virgin's wish without her fears impart, Excuse the blush, and pour out all the heart, Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul, And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole.

JD Ize genius af Byron (in a /zlaLfful flas/zj has illaminated antL salifect uiith. ane af /lis mast LuLiLLiant fzassages : —

But words are things : and a small drop of INK,

Falling like dew upon a thought, produces

That which makes thousands (perhaps millions) think.

^fi Less distinQuis/zed fzaet has, in. ex- /z^essitie, and tfzaaq^/z in c^aaintetL} kanzliLe^, ij.et in nalile strain, said ui/zat is equalLij. a/ifiji-afztLiate in t/zis /zLace : —

Books are a part of man's prerogative : Informal INK, they thought and voices hold, That we to them our solitude may give, And make time present travel as of old.

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 69

Celsus, uika lined la tkls uta^ld, aLaut tke commencement af tke ^k^lstlan e^a, has left a little memorandum an tills. suL- J.ect uiklck Is. uiatLtk c^uatlnc^.

JWe o^lae Ills uia^ds entire :—

J3keiLe a/^e tuia kinds af Laid sfiats accusing, an tfie human head, — ane aftkem a Laldness uiklck c^eefis aiie^ tfie scalfi Like a seventy — tke attietL skauilncj. Itself In tke fafim af ^aund sfiaces uncane^ed Llj kauL. <~Fame Recommend tke use af ac^ld lHLltant articles, ca.mLlned uiltk alls, Sic. J^ut tke^e Is natklncj. Letted fa^ jj.au than la kaue tke Laid jzlace skaned enetHf daij. uiltk a \uety. dull~\ tLa$.a&, and, afteiL katitnQ dane tkat, Ljau neeanft da aniftklnQ. else liut ^uL an tke jzlace tkus skaned a little atr amen- tum sutorium — (" skaemake^s' Ink," "cafz- /zesLas-uiatefL/'j — [solution of tke dDl-fi^ata. sulfikate af tke (fie^j sesq.uajdijd of uLan\.

JOJke editor af tke jointed co/zif. af tke edlttan of tke uiaf-ks. af Aulus Cornelius Celsus uiklck mas pointed In SPadua, made a material eHLar an tkls /zalnt.

JDke uia^d " suta^lum" fLelnc^ unlntelll- c^lLle to. tke lc^natlant monk uika sufzetLln- tendedtke jz^'mtlncj) mas ckancjed ta " saLlji- ta^lum," — tkat lsf " uiHtlnQ-lnk," Instead af u skaemake^s'-lnk." jft Is uiell-knauin tkat a solution af ca/zfzetLas /ziLa/iejLltj. made, mill iLemedij_ atc JziLenent lziLematuiLe Laldness ;

70 THE HISTORY OF IJTK.

but uie assert tlzat na qnGUttity. of lam/z- black and qiutl, or c^rease, ///ill be found effectual for tfiat jutrjzose.

Jfn t/ie time of $elsus, t/ie sul/zlzate af iron (cofz/zeras) had not jj.et become an essential inexpedient of uiritinQ-ink ; and enen afte/L that its. combination uiith car- bonaceous, and oleaginous matters entirely neutralised t/ie jzo/ner ui/zic/z renders it a/z/zlicable and useful in such, cases.

COHCUISIOH*

Jltfe /ia/ie thus, here'uz attemfzted tlze f/d- filment of tlze Jzromise (uiith uJzicfz uie hegaji) to jzroduce a "History of Ink/' — a thing, ne/ier before done or enen fz/^o/zosed to be done. Jff not successful in our attemjzt, /ae ho/ze t/zat uie ha/ie at least, i/z t/zis little book, furnished Izints and suggestions on t/zis subject ui/zic/z t/ze LecuLned may. em/z/ojj. hereafter uilzen tlze IzistotHf of tlzis impor- tant material of history, s/zall be under- taken and executed on a larger scale. ^J/z /lie/it of ui/zich fzossibilit/ff uie may, uiith. a /zardonable self-yrat/dation, say., — in tlze uiords of jltartin j£utfzer, — {( /life. Iia/ie

THE HISTORY OF IJTK. 71

giuen ta atket*- and kigke^ sjzirtts accasian ta Reflect."

J^nt ulc a^e lath, ta leaae tkis sulgect Uakick kas g^auin inta qll^ affectians as me Izaae dmelt ujzan it) mitkaut giving, a lilam <?> a kick ta ane manst^aus alisu^ditg mkick kas /z^enailed amang. tke learned, (<falselg sa-called/; — f^am tke tune mken tke Je- suits ^etuhied pLam $kina mit/z tkei^ 44 ed.ifij.ing. and cuficuuB." tales, aliaut tke Izuge anticfuitg. af all tke arts and same af tke sciences af. ciiiili^afian amang. tke jzea- jzle af. mkat tkeg called tke " $elestiaL fpmjzuLe" — a teiLm mkallg anknamn ta tke $kinese, in ang fahiz atL aaHatian af ejz- /ziLessian.

JDke simfzle facts atLe tkat — tke $lzinese defined tkei^ knamledge af Ink (af matting uiitk a calojLed liquid) f^atn ^uJ-afze. <~Pa did tkeg alitain tkei^ knamledge af tke art af fz^inting, caJ-rted ta tkenz Lig Afenetian ttLa- nele^Sj " anertand" j^ast at tke mament Lefa^e tke cLumsg. en^aaed maad-Llacks me^e snjze^seded lig tke nzaaeaLle tg/zes af z^ansefleisck at*- /^.utenLe^g. <~Pa mas it uiitk tke jl/LaHne^s ^amfzass, tke manu- facture af g-nn/zauider, and all tkeitL liaasted " inue/ztians" — amang mkick mag lie in- cluded tkeuL calculatian af ecli/zses liack- matLd tk^augk faLulaus cgcles af centuries, and tke mojLals of $anfucias aiL JfCang-faa-

72 THE HISTORY OF IJTK

tsee, a tni^tLhLcaL jLe^sana^e unmentioned in the /u&faAy. af $hi/ia until the contents of the Jfeuu. Testament Liad Leen made kiLauuL tlzeiLe, — and that — many, ac^es afteiL the date of /lis. su/z/zased Life and death..

J^Lit fa/c thei/- de^iaatian ajul a/z/z/La/z^i- atian at*- theft of the Qfeat cuLts p^om the fUfest, the $lzinese and alt (!) Cental nations., fhonz the fpujzh^ates to the ^Pacific, incLud- uiq the _fa/zanese, mould haae Remained to this daif in the condition in m/zich the jl/LeDdLcans and SPe^imians uiei-e found Llj. the <~P/zanish and JftaLLan i-ahhe^s mho fi^st ejz/zLatLed the /Western Jf^emis/zhe^e, and nztuLde^ed its inhabitants fo^ theij- Land, and the fruits and the QaLd and sLLne^ of that Land.

fWhateLLeJ- arts the Chinese at*- Jfajzcuzese aiL_fesuits maj£ hane inaentedo^ fif-ese^LLeci, the aH: af telling the truth is evidently. , to all af them, one af "the lost arts/9 — Lost i^etHeiLaLLi^ and fo^ene^/

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DESCRIPTION OE THE PLATES.

JVo. l.—fi fac simile of the oldest Hieratic, -writing extant — about the 15th century ij. G. (The haivh (the emblem of (Divinity) and the man stand on something that u teters" — the circle between them (a serpent biting its own tail) is the ancient symbol of eternity. Dhe (Deity overbalances the man.

Jho. J2 — From a Greek JVbB. buried at Fberculaneum in the year 29 g.G.

Jho. 3. — Written on papyrus in Egypt ; in the 3d century Fj. G.

J\fo. Jf.— Written on papyrus 260 years Fj. G.

Jho. 5. — Specimen of a (Palimpsest copy of Cicero's u I^epublio" in the Vatican Library.

Jpo. 6. — (Phoenician writing on papyrus.

JTo. 7 . — From a (Pentateuch in the F>ibe- JSFate- (Paris , fi. (D. 450.

Jho. 8 :. — From a Qreelc Copy of the Ijcok of Genesis, written in gold on purple vellum } fi. (D. J/.0 0 .

Jho. 9. — From a JVLS. on papyrus written in Egypt 3d century Ij.C.

Jpo. 10. — From a Charter of Childebert III. fi. (D. 703.

flo. 11. — From a Charter of Charlemagne ; about fi. (D. 785.

JVo- 1£2. — From a Charter of the Emperor Conrad I. fi. (D. 988.

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(DESCIil'JPTIOJl OF <±HE (PLjlTES.

JTo. 18. — Specimen of " F(_oman Saxon/7 fi. (D. 600.

JTo. 1J/-. — From a Charter of (Dagobert I. about fx Q. 620.

JTo. 15. — From an early Gaelic J\I8.

JTo. 16. — From a (Deed of William the Conqueror.

JTo 17 . — (The monogram signature to a Charter of Charlemagne, about fi.(D. 785.

JTo. l£f. — From a Charter of the reign of Hugh Capet , fi. (I). 9$g.

JTo. 19, — From a (peed of Henry I.

JTo. 20. — From a (Deed of Stephen, dated fi. (D. 1139

JTo. 21. — From a (Deed of the reign of Richard I.

JTo. 22. — From a JUS. of Wycklijfe's translation of the Fjible.

Jpo. 28.— c- Set Saxon," jl. (p. $50.

" Qui sub Pontio Pilato crucifixus est, et sepultas, tertia die resurrexit."

JTo. 2Jf. — From a Charter of Sebbi, King of the East Saxons, fi. (p. 6 6 4,

" Ego Sebbi Rex East Sax (onum) pro — confirmations Subscripsi."

JPo 25. — (Part of a Charter of ji.fr ed the Great, fi. (D. 800.

JTo. 26 — From a Charter of Edward the Confessor,

jfl. (i> 104S.

JTo. 27. — From a ((Deed of the reign of Edward I. JTo. 28 . — From a (Deed of William the Conqueror. JTo. 29. — From a (Deed of the reign of Edward III. Edwardus Dei gratia Rex Anglias Dominus Hibernice, Dux Aquitanice, fyc.

Jp0, 3 0.— From the Will of William Jdibelfeld, JTov. 7, 1489.

JTo. 81. — From a (Deed of the reign of Eolward IV. JTo. 82. — From a Grant by William Wallace. JTo 83. — From a QJeed of IJJchard III.

QESCLiLFTIOJI OF THE (PLJ1TES. 3

JIo. 3 It-. — From a (Deed of the reign of John.

JIo. 85. — -f^utograph of Lord JUacaidey.

_yy0. 36. — From a ((Deed of Henry VII.

JIo. 87. — From an English translation of the works of Chauliac, fi. 0. 140 0.

JJo ggm — From a (Deed of Henry VIII

JIo. 89. — From a JVLS. in the rounded hand of Italy, 15th century.

JIo. Jf.0 . — Letter from Columbus to the Viceroy of Castile, 15th Century.

JIo. J/-1- — Letter of Jinn e of IJrittany, 1514-

JIo. 4-Q. — Signature of u IJayard," the Chevalier.

JIo. Ij-3. — Letter from Charles V. to Francis I.

JIo. 4-4- — Letter from Calvin, 1559.

JIo. 4-5. — Letter of the Earl of Essex, 1567 .

JIo. 4&- — Letter of Copernicus, 1473.

JJo. 47. — William H. (Prescott.

JIo. 4^ ■ — Letter of Charles the XII of Sweden.

Jfo. 49. — Rosseazb, 1757.

Jfo. 50. — Letter of Erasmus, 1476.

JIo. 51. — Letter of Queen Elizabeth to Henry IV of France.

JIo. 52.— Christina of Sweden, 1626.

JIo. 58. — Charles I. to his sister.

JIo. 54-— Oliver Cromwell, 1643.

JIo. 55. — (Dulce of JVIarlhorough, Jzcne, 170 6.

JIo. 56. — Fhe Empress Catherine II. of Russia, July, 1773.

JSTo. 57. — Washington, 6th Sept. 17 '& 'g.

Jfo. 5$.— Louis XVI, June 8 0, 1773.

JIo. 59. — Robespierre.

JIo. 60. — -Jlopoleon to Soult.

4 QESCIilTTIOJT OF THE ~ES.

JTo. 61. — Wellington, June 19, 18 '15.

Jfo. 62. — Lord gyron} JTov. 4, 1&21.

JTo. 63. — Voltaire, July 29 , 1707.

JTo, 64. — Edmund J^urlze.

JTot 65. — William (Pitt, JVLarch 27, 1808.

JTo. 66. — Wellington, fijpril 21, 1&84-

The colored engraving is an illustration of the picture writing of the JVLexicans, from Lord; Kings- borough's great work. The blue border represents a series of years, distinguished by the dots. The com- partment with five dots representing the fifth year of the reign, that with ten the tenth, and, so on. The pictures of the acts of the Prince being con- nected with each special year by means of a connect- ing line. The additional symbols have different significations — that of the flower signifying a cal- amitous year, Cfc. In this plate King fleam apich is represented^ in the first and sixth year of his reign; at the top of the page are warlike instruments , sig- nifying his preparation for war ; the figures below, on the right, are the four cities — Quahnahuac, JVLezquic, Guitlhuac and Xochimilco — represented; by descriptive symbols. The four heads on the left are those of the respective kings or chiefs of these cities, beheaded by ficamapich, each distinguished by the icons graphic symbol by which his name was expressed in this system of writing. *

These picture records, which would have illustrated the unknown history of this continent, were destroyed in " mountain heaps'' by the first Spanish arch- bishop of Mexico — an act of fanatical vandalism equalled only by the burning of the Alexandrian Library, and the vast hoard of Moorish literature at Granada by Ximenes.

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IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES

C/uddaie:_n^ DYO

Sanskrit : _ wftr

£/*^ : _ J/6 /uX7; /MlartJ

Lettish :_ ATRAMEUTUM/<fiT^?/,^7^y

Mediaeval Latin: _ ENCANSTUM

China :_JE ?1^ m?h shwuy/^^W

" '£*> IVI I H (Ghimstlnk/ Qutfondzaleet :_MAK SHUT

Hi/tdostoJi :^J ° KALI ^^^Z:_^|^ KALI Shit^/alese :_ej § Burmese/ \Jf^> MaZ/iyhim :_aca>1 Maratha :_5TI^ Persia\-^\^ SI YAH I Stnic .'-"agr

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IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES

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Thibet \J^\& Anamitic

Malays* DAWAT Japan\-K "I «y&m:_MANULYSAN

Egyptian :_ X^Rott Coptic :_ X4>HO«I»T AmJwric :_ «fcMP» Algerian- J£» SIMEKH Jeihiopic :Jt\<*>it Arabic -J*^* HBR,HIBR,HIBAR,

German,:-. %*^* (7^^/WSSSrjlHK Spanish :__TINTA

Portugese :__ Tl NTA

Italian— INCHIOSTRO

Piedmontese, :_ INCIOSTR- p

0 . O [Lettish- BLAKKA

flZlSSl/Ut :_ J iicpHM^ia j^,^^ Tl NTA /*?&>/? :_INKAUST

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IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES Hungarian : _ TE N T A Buntla orArgolense : - Tl NT A Bohemia ; _ I N GA U S T Basque.- CORANSIA

Jllyrutn.- INGOAS Banish: _ BLCC

Swedish _ BLACK

Laplarudish : _ B L E K K

GreenJxmdish :_ B L E K

Jcelandish- : _ B L E K

«^^:_DU, ENGE

Gaelic:^ DUBHADH

Irish: -0u£. DUBH

Peruvian: ^ YANATULLPU

Chilian . _ CH I LLC A MOM

Mexican : _ TH L LI

Guarani : _ ti^tirvL ( Tirta)

Caribees Islands : _ OU LITI or OULITACLE

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STERLING & FRANCINE CLARK ART INSTITUTE

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Davids, Thaddeus/The history of ink, inc

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3 1962 00068 8683